488 



MANUAL TRAINING. 



hours, allowing the pupils eighty minutes each. 

 In the same year similar provision was made, 

 and courses were begun on smaller scales in 2 

 branch high schools. In 1889 another school 

 was opened, and systematic courses of instruction 

 are now carried on in 4 high schools. The equip- 

 ment in all is the same, though the Central still ac- 

 commodates the largest numbers. The superin- 

 tendent says that, in his opinion, a danger in the 

 way toward accomplishing the most valuable re- 

 sults lies in allowing the pupils too early to con- 

 struct things, and that too much attention can 

 not be given to the first elementary movements 

 and operations. 



Stillwater has daily exercises in drawing, has 

 shop work in the high school, and, by way of a 

 beginning, devotes the Friday afternoon sessions 

 generally to exercises in manual training. 



Missouri. The Manual Training School of 

 Washington University. St. Louis, opened in 

 1880, was the earliest, and is now, perhaps, the 

 foremost in the country. The enrollment has 

 increased from 226 in 1886-'87 to 289 in 1890-'91. 

 This last number is exceeded only by the Chicago 

 school. The results of the class exercises in 

 drawing and tool work have been exhibited for 

 the sake of influence upon educational methods 

 at the annual meetings of the National Educa- 

 tion Association at Saratoga, N. Y., in 1882 and 

 1883; at Madison. Wis., in 1884; at St. Paul, 

 Minn., in 1890. Partial exhibits have been made 

 in Springfield, Pitch burg, and Worcester, Mass. ; 

 in New York city and Albany, N. Y. ; in Colum- 

 bus and Cincinnati, Ohio ; in Louisville, Ky. ; in 

 De Funiak Springs, Fla. ; and in Kansas City, 

 Mo. A large selection was sent to the Interna- 

 tional Exposition at Paris, 1889, and the school 

 was awarded a gold medal. To meet the press- 

 ing demands for increased accommodations a 

 new building is to be put up adjoining the pres- 

 ent one, and the plant enlarged to a capacity 

 for 500 students. Then 200 boys may be ad- 

 mitted every year, and about 120 will be gradu- 

 ated. The curriculum, covering three years, as 

 described in the " Annual Cyclopedia" for 1887, 

 will not be changed. The. average age at gradu- 

 ation is eighteen. Eight classes have passed 

 through the school, and many of the graduates 

 are directors or teachers of the newer manual 

 training schools and of supplementary classes to 

 public and private schools which have been es- 

 tablished in many different States. Prof. C. M. 

 Woodward, the director since the beginning, 

 says, in reference to the eleven years' work of 

 the school, that he " is gratified by the thought 

 that, in spite of its many shortcomings, the 

 school has demonstrated the feasibility of incor- 

 porating the elements of intellectual and manual 

 training in such a way that each is a gainer 

 thereby " ; and that he has " correctly read the 

 public demand for an education which shall in- 

 sure the most valuable mental discipline at the 

 same time that it gives preparation for the vari- 

 ous duties of active life." It is a pay school. 



Nebraska. The Omaha High School opened 

 a manual training department in 1885. which 

 has successfully maintained optional courses to 

 boys and girls in carpentry, wood turning and 

 carving, and in mechanical drawing : two hours 

 a day during the first two years of the high 

 school course. 



New Hampshire. A beginning has been 

 made in Concord with carpentry in the grammar 

 schools. 



New Jersey. The law of 1887 provides for 

 State aid in introducing manual training, equal 

 to the amount appropriated by any city or dis- 

 trict, not less than $500 and not more than 

 $5,000. 



At Montclair the small and careful beginning 

 made in the middle grammar grades in 1882 has 



grospered. In his report for 1891, Superintendent 

 paulding says that, after eight years of experi- 

 ence, it is his conviction that the value of the 

 school course is greatly enhanced by the manual 

 training. A systematic, continuous course is now 

 established in the schools of this city, beginning 

 with the kindergarten of the first year in the 

 primaries. 



First year there are four lessons and a little drawing 

 and clay modeling, which are continued during the sec- 

 ond year, when usually the regular primary studies 

 are taken up. Until the sixth year all the manual 

 work is in the regular class-rooms. In the sixth 

 year, the first ' grammar " year, the pupils come 

 under a special teacher of clay modeling two hours 

 a week. In the seventh year girls are drilled for an 

 hour at a time in overcasting, hemming, and running 

 Boys are instructed like hours in the week in the use 

 of joiner's tools in the carpenter's shop. Eighth-year 

 girls have two hours a week of instruction in domestic 

 economy and cooking, and boys like hours in wood 

 carving. Ninth-year girls have first cooking, and 

 afterward, about two thirds of the year, wood carv- 

 ing, two hours a week. Boys like hours at wood turn- 

 ing and metal work throughout the year. In the 

 seventhj eighth, and ninth years all have one hour 

 a week in drawing under a special teacher. 



The Orange Common Council in 1888 voted 

 $1,000 for the addition of manual training to 

 the public-school studies, and a like sum was 

 received from the State. At the opening of the 

 fall term practice was begun upon a course 

 which, as accommodations were completed, com- 

 prised paper work, clay modeling, sewing, draw- 

 ing, and the elements of carpentry, and. for girls 

 of the high school, cooking. Two special teach- 

 ers were engaged and one of the drawing teachers 

 assisted. It was an interesting and successful 

 movement from the first. The carpentry room 

 is commodious, and provided with benches, tools, 

 and lockers, all of the most approved sort ; and 

 it is to be enlarged and fitted up for the addi- 

 tion of wood turning. The cooking school, 

 opened in 1889, is well arranged and equipped. 

 The sources, the essential qualities, and the 

 means of preparing good and wholesome food, 

 may here be thoroughly studied, but the prepa- 

 ration of dishes or composition of menus is not 

 aimed at. In general, throughout the manual 

 training courses, instruction is given twice a 

 week for an hour at a time. 



Elizabeth schools had taught industrial draw- 

 ing for several years, when, in 1888, manual train- 

 ing was introduced. In 1890 the course was 

 dropped. In 1891 it was resumed in part. 



Vineland school trustees in 1876, by almost 

 unanimous vote, directed that plans be prepared 

 for the engrafting of industrial education upon 

 the public-school system of the town. The 

 "plans were a long time in hand, and the expense 

 of the outfit for manual training was a serious 

 obstacle. After the law of 1887 was passed the 



