490 



MANUAL TRAINING. 



sented the outlines of a proposed course. The 

 report was adopted, and in October of the same 

 year the matter was re-referred to the same com- 

 mittee, with power to frame a course of study, 

 and to introduce such course into not more than 

 twelve grammar schools and the primary depart- 

 ments connected with them, and to employ spe- 

 cial teachers of manual-training subjects. A 

 complete new course of study, including manual 

 training, was arranged and a new manual pre- 

 pared. This course of study is so ordered that 

 all the branches of education are interwoven to- 

 gether, and all the instruction and study and ex- 

 ercises of the schools are affected or influenced 

 by the manual-training features or idea. It is so 

 complete and elaborate that the mere outline is 

 too long to be inserted in this article. This teach- 

 ers' manual entirely supersedes the regular one 

 in the schools in which it is used. With the new 

 year the experiment was begun in a few selected 

 schools. During 1888 the course was placed in 

 four boys' and five girls' grammar schools and 

 the eleven primaries connected .with them. This 

 put more than 10,000 children under the new 

 training. In 1889 it was extended into 12 more 

 grammar schools and their primaries. It was 

 then in 82 schools nearly 18,000 pupils. The 

 results were so good that many of the features 

 were embodied in the regular course for the en- 

 tire city, which was revised that year and went 

 into effect in the next, 1890. The free-hand and 

 mechanical drawing were made the same in the 

 two courses, except so far as directly connected 

 with the shop work of the manual - training 

 course. By the end of 1890 there were five more 

 schools and their primaries, another thousand 

 and a half of children, under the manual-train- 

 ing course. By the end of 1891, 20,670 pupils 

 have the free-hand drawing, more than a third 

 of these have mechanical drawing, which is in 

 all of the grammar grades ; cutting from drawn 

 work in the highest primary and lowest grammar 

 grades is taken by somewhat less than 6,000, and 

 about the same number, all the girls in the three 

 higher primary and five lower grammar grades, 

 have sewing ; while clay modeling, in the highest 

 primary and all grammar grades but the high- 

 est, is taken by about 9,000 ; clay and paper are 

 used in form study, the former by all pupils in 

 the five lowest primary ; shop work in wood in 

 the five higher grammar grades is taken by about 

 1,800 boys ; cooking in the second and third 

 grammar by a still smaller proportion of girls. 

 The course runs through fourteen terms, seven 

 years. All pupils are required to study all the 

 subjects taught in their respective classes, but a 

 pupil who does not wish to take the manual-train- 

 ing course can go to one of the other schools, of 

 which there are, schools and departments, about 

 190 within the limits of New York city. 



The College of the City of New York maintains 

 the courses of manual training established many 

 years ago, and described in the article of 1887. 

 The Workingman's School, founded bv Felix 

 Adler, in 1879 : the pioneer and model school of 

 this class, still has a kindergarten, with a normal 

 class, and develops work and studies on the 

 same principles, through three primary and five 

 grammar classes ; in all a course of eleven years. 

 There are now between 300 and 400 pupils. 

 Since 1890 the custom of receiving only the 



children of very poor and working people has 

 been broken in upon ; a limited number have 

 been admitted at the charge of $100 a year or 

 less, half the seats at least are still reserved for 

 the free pupils. So far, pay pupils and free pupils 

 associate freely and influence each other bene- 

 ficially. The plan works well. The superintend- 

 ent in his last report says they have pupils 

 who seem singularly incapable of composition, 

 or even the lesser grace of orthography, some of 

 whom have been in the school from the kinder- 

 garten up, and have received the same careful 

 treatment as the others ; they lag behind in 

 language, which is their weak point, and they 

 would have been regarded as dunces in other 

 schools. But some of them do admirable work 

 in other branches. In the case of these children, 

 proficiency in manual and art work, and in nat- 

 ural history usually go together. After they 

 have developed their peculiar bent, and are en- 

 couraged by their success in the manual branches, 

 they gradually gain a better control of tongue 

 and pen. 



The College for the Training of Teachers, into 

 which has been merged the Industrial Education 

 Association, described in the article of 1887, 

 and which received a charter from the regents 

 of the University of the State in 1889, has an 

 elaborate department for the instruction of teach- 

 ers in all branches pertaining to manual training. 

 The various publications, the lectures on this 

 subject, and the furnishing of teachers of man- 

 ual training are continued by the college. 

 Special attention is given to form study and 

 drawing, domestic economy, mechanical draw- 

 ing, and wood working. 'There are Saturday 

 classes for the convenience of teachers actually 

 engaged in teaching in New York and vicinity. 

 There is a model school of four grades kinder- 

 garten, primary, grammar, and high. 



The college has an endowment fund. Tuition 

 fees are moderate, and there are several scholar- 

 ships. 



Ohio. The Legislature in 1886 authorized the 

 levying of a tax for manual and domestic school 

 purposes. 



The trustees of the State University at Co- 

 lumbus are erecting a building for a manual- 

 training school. 



In Toledo the Manual Training School, estab- 

 lished under an ordinance of the Common Coun- 

 cil in 1884, is maintained under the joint control 

 of the Board of Education and the directors 

 of Toledo University, as described in the former 

 article. Instruction in the workshops and in 

 free-hand and mechanical drawing is furnished 

 by the University Board, while the intellectual 

 studies are pursued in the public schools at the 

 expense of the City Board. The effect of this 

 united action is to enlarge the scope of public 

 instruction so as to include instruction in some 

 of the practical arts. The course including this 

 instruction is known as the manual training 

 course. Graduates of it are occupying such 

 places as superintendents of manufactures, as 

 architects, designers, draughtsmen, and teachers; 

 but they were taught no trades. In connection 

 with ordinary school studies they were taught 

 the elements of industrial drawing, and the skill- 

 ful handling of tools that are at the foundation 

 of all arts. The work in manual training causes 



