NETHERLANDS. 



..lent >f tin. Council ami Minister of 



the I'ol.'iiir-., I '.a foil Ma. kay, appointed Feb. 17, 



Miiii-li-r of the Interior, Dr. A. F. de 



. , ornin I.oliinan, appointed Feb. 17, I- 

 Mini-t-T of Foreign Affairs, ('. Hart-en, ap- 

 pointed April 20, IMSM; .Minister of Finance, 

 l>r. K. A. (Jodin do Beaufort, appointed April 

 jn, ISSN; Minister of .In.-tie,-. I>r. (i. I,. M. K. 

 van Beeronbroeck, appointed April 20, 

 Minister of Marine. II. I>v>eriii''k, ap- 

 pointed April 20, 1888; Minister of War; J. W. 

 msius. appointed April 20, 1888; Minister 

 of Public Works and Commerce, . I. P. Ilavelaar, 

 appointed April 'JO. 1888. (For area and popula- 

 tion. M'I' -Annual Cyclopa-dia" for 1890.) 



Finances. In the budget for 1891 the rev- 

 enue was estimated at 126,530,025 guilders, of 

 which 44,200,000 guilders are derived from cx- 

 ci.-e. ':;. ii:!s.(MM) guilders from indirect taxes, 12,- 

 :;i>2.17.-> guilders from the land tax, 11,515,000 

 guilders from the personal tax, 0,980,000 guild- 

 ers from the post-office, 5,310,800 guilders from 

 import duties, 4,464,000 guilders from patents, 

 I. :::.:..(>()() guilders from state railways, 2,480,000 

 guilders from domains, 1.350,000 guilders from 

 navigation dues, 1,270,000 guilders from tele- 

 graphs, <;<il.500 guilders from the state lottery, 

 2ol.OOO guilders from the tax on gold and silver, 

 140,000 guilders from shooting and fishing 

 licenses, and 7.639.950 guilders from other 

 sources. The total expenditure is set down as 

 139,930,&39 guilders, of which 34,942,118 guild- 

 ers are for the public debt, 23,906,805 guilders 

 for financial administration. 22,120,220 guilders 

 for public works, 21,269,860 guilders for the 

 army, 13,894,342 guilders for the navy, 11,192,- 

 117 guilders for the interior, 5,254,964 guilders 

 for justice, 1,239,584 guilders for the colonial 

 department, 756,302 guilders for foreign affairs, 

 654,527 guilders for legislation, 650,000 guilders 

 for the civil list, and 50,000 guilders for con- 

 tingencies. The excise duties in 1889 produced 

 44.136,909 guilders; direct taxes, 27,491,491 

 guilders; indirect taxes, 24,956,939 guilders; 

 customs duties, 5,282,966 guilders. These taxes 

 amounted to 22 guilders per head of the popu- 

 lation. The funded debt in 1891 amounted to 

 1,096,517,160 guilders, of which 630.567,200 

 guilders pay 2$ per cent, interest, 340,912,900 

 guilders were raised in 1886 at 3 per cent, in- 

 terest, 94,942,800 guilders pay 3 per cent., and 

 the bulk of the remainder 3^ per cent. The in- 

 terest charge on the funded debt was 31,708,649 

 guilders; the sinking fund, 2,673,900 guilders; 

 expenses of the floating debt, 500,000 guilders; 

 annuities, 59,569 guilders. There are 15,000,000 

 guilders of paper money in circulation. 



(For statistics of the army and navy, see "An- 

 nual Cyclopaedia" for 1890.) 



Commerce and Production. The value of 

 the special imports increased steadily from 

 1,091,487,000 guilders in 1885 to 1,245,287,000 

 guilders in 1889. The value of the exports of 

 domestic products increased from 891,036,000 

 guilders to 1,114,806,000 guilders in 1888, and in 

 the following year declined to 1,094.078.000 

 guilders. Of the imports in 1889, 23-9 per cent, 

 came from Great Britain, 19'4 per cent, from 

 Prussia, 14'2 per cent, from Belgium, 11*5 per 

 cent, from the Dutch East Indies, 6'1 per cent, 

 from the United States, 2'4 per cent, from Brit- 



ish India, 2 per cent, from Hamburg, 1-8 ner 



cent, from France, and 9'0 per cent, from oilier 



countries. Of the exports, 4:5-J JMT cent, went to 



i, 26 per cent, to (Jreat Britain, 12'* i r 



cent, to Hclyilllli. ' lit. to the I)llt< I. 



Indies, 2 per cent, to the Tinted Slate-, 1-7 

 IKT cent, to Hamburg, Hi per cent, to 

 BtlMhs "(( per cent, to France, (j- | M -r 

 cent, to Italy, and 4-:> j.er cent, to other countries. 

 Of the soil of the Netherlands, which has u total 

 area of 3,299,906 hectares, 712,524 hectares are 

 barren heath, 146,868 hectares are marsh and 

 water, 44,309 hectares in roads and d\k- 

 :i.-.:5 hectares more, are untaxed, 38,850 hectares 

 are covered with buildings and residences, 1,144,- 

 066 hectares are in pasture, 859,844 hectares are 

 under field crops, 54,124 hectares are in gardens 

 and orchards, and 226,968 hectare s are under 

 forest. Of the farming land, nearly 60 per cent, 

 is cultivated by the owners. The imports of 

 wheat in 1889 were valued at 69,445,000 guild- 

 ers; of rye, 48,964,000 guilders; of wheat and 

 rye flour, 19,984,000 guilders; exports of wheat, 

 :iV><>2,000 guilders; of rye, 25,501,000 guilders; 

 of flour, 13,309,000 guilders. The total imports 

 of cereals and flour were 166,327,000 guilders in 

 value, and the exports 95,138,000 guilders. The 

 imports of iron and steel and manufactures 

 thereof were valued at 129,417,000 guilders, 

 and the exports at 87,419,000 guilders; im- 

 ports of drugs at 165,995,000, and exports at 

 130,010,000 guilders ; imports of textile materi- 

 als and manufactures at 104,277,000, and exports 

 at 99,571,000 guilders, not including flax, the 

 export of which amounted to 130,010,000 guild- 

 ers. The imports of coffee were 36,587,000, and the 

 exports 26,053,000 guilders. There is a large trade 

 with England in live animals, margarine, and 

 dairy products, the exports of butter amount- 

 ing to 47,652,000 guilders in 1889. and those of 

 cheese to 11,207,000 guilders. The imports of 

 mineral oil were 14,713,000 guilders. Coal was 

 imported to the amount of 40,588,000 guilders, 

 the quantity mined in the country being valued 

 at only 223,569 guilders. There were 

 steam factories, having 4,280 engines. 



Change of Ministers. The Government of 

 Lohman, Hartsen, and Baron Mackay, represent- 

 ing the Catholic Clercial party and the Evangeli- 

 cal party in the Protestant districts called the 

 Antirevolutionists. took office in 1888 after the 

 first general election subsequent to the extension 

 of the suffrage to persons paying 10 guilders in 

 taxes had resulted in a Second Chamber com- 

 posed of 45 Liberals, 26 Catholics, 27 Anti- 

 revolutionists, 1 Conservative, and 1 Socialist 

 for the purpose of establishing the system 

 of state-aided confessional schools on the Eng- 

 lish model in the place of the system of secular 

 education introduced by the Liberals in 

 This was accomplished by the new school law of 

 1889. The Cabmet was also pledged to a reform 

 of the colonial administration, in which it was 

 less successful, and promised to introduce a re- 

 organization of the army and navy on the ba.-is 

 of universal suffrage, but has delayed bringing 

 in measures to carry out this project in a thor- 

 ough manner, not on account of the opposition 

 of the Liberals, who accept the idea, but owing 

 to the practical difficulty of imposing a burden 

 of such magnitude on the people. As it made no 



