570 



NEWFOUNDLAND. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 



After lengthened negotiations, both Govern- 

 ments agreed to refer the points in dispute to a 

 commission of arbitration. Pending the results 

 of such arbitration, a modus vivendi was agreed 

 on, to the terms of which the Government and 

 people of Newfoundland strongly objected, and 

 two deputations were sent to England to lay 

 their grievances before the British public and 

 present a protest to the Government. No im- 

 mediate results followed, and meantime the pro- 

 visions of the obnoxious modus vivendi were en- 

 forced by Sir Baldwin Walker, who commanded 

 the war ships stationed on the coast. It was 

 discovered that there was no legal authority for 

 the enforcement of this modus vivendi, the old 

 statute which gave power to naval officers to 

 put the treaties in force having been inadvert- 

 ently repealed. When, then, Sir Baldwin Walk- 

 er closed certain British lobster factories, Mr. 

 James Baird, a St. John's merchant, whose prop- 

 erty had been interfered with, took an action 

 against him and obtained a judgment in the 

 Supreme Court awarding him $5.000 damages. 

 Then the British Government discovered that to 

 enforce the modus vivendi a new act of Parlia- 

 ment must be passed. A bill for this purpose 

 was hastily introduced into the House of Lords, 

 reviving an old coercive act which gave naval 

 officers almost unlimited control on the French 

 shore. As soon as the terms of this coercive 

 act were known in the colony the Legislature, 

 then in session, passed resolutions condemning 

 it in the strongest terms, appointing delegates to 

 proceed to London to arrest the progress of this 

 bill, and claiming that they should be heard at 

 the bar of the House of Lords. Their claim 

 was allowed. One of the most brilliant and dis- 

 tinguished audiences that ever assembled within 

 the walls of the Upper House listened to the rep- 

 resentatives of the "Ancient Colony" as they 

 pleaded for their rights and privileges, detailed 

 the wrongs and grievances from which they long 

 suffered, and protested against the new coercive 

 measure, which they regarded as a violation of 

 the Constitution of the colony. The scene was 

 historic, and the impression made was decisive. 

 The final result was that the British Govern- 

 ment withdrew the obnoxious measure, on con- 

 dition that the Legislature of the colony passed 

 an act which would legalize the provisions of 

 the modus vivendi for a limited period- This 

 was done. The nature of the act has been de- 

 fined in the early part of the present article. 

 No progress, however, has yet been made in the 

 arbitration. 



Then another political agitation arose in con- 

 nection with an attempt to negotiate a reciproc- 

 ity trade arrangement between the United States 

 and Newfoundland. Mr. Bond, Colonial Secre- 

 tary, was authorized by the British Government 

 to proceed to Washington, and, in conjunction 

 with the British ambassador, to open communi- 

 cations for this purpose with the Government 

 of the United States. A draft treaty was drawn 

 up ; but as soon as the terms were known the 

 Government of Canada presented a vigorous 

 protest, alleging that the treaty, if ratified, 

 would affect the fishing interests of Canada 

 most injuriously, and greatly embarrass them in 

 carrying out fishery arrangements with the 

 United States. The British Government recog- 



nized the validity of the protest, and declined to 

 ratify the Bond- Elaine reciprocity treaty. This 

 treaty was strongly objected to by a large party in 

 Newfoundland, on the ground that it made large 

 and valuable concessions to the United States, but 

 failed to secure corresponding concessions to the 

 colony, so that the advantages were nearly all on 

 one side. 



Soon afterward, in order to mark its disap- 

 proval of what they considered the unwarrant- 

 able interference of Canada, the Government of 

 Newfoundland declined to grant licenses for ob- 

 taining bait to any Canadian fishing vessels, 

 while such licenses were given free of charge to 

 American fishing vessels. Canada had hitherto 

 made an exception in favor of Newfoundland 

 fish and admitted it free of duty, while all other 

 fish had to pay duties ; and lately, to mark their 

 sense of the wrong done them by the refusal of 

 bait, the Canadian Government withdrew this 

 privilege, so that Newfoundland fish has to pay 

 duty in Canadian ports, The Newfoundland 

 Government at once responded by placing in- 

 creased duties on several articles of Canadian 

 produce, such as flour, pork, butter, tobacco, 

 corn meal, and farm produce. Thus the close of 

 1891 found two British colonies engaged in a 

 war of tariffs. 



Exploration. The year 1891 was marked 

 by the discovery, or rather rediscovery, of the 

 Grand Falls of Labrador, about the same time, 

 by H. G. Bryant, of Philadelphia, and Prof. 

 Kenaston, of Washington, and by a party of 

 tudents from Bowdoin College. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE, a New England State, 

 one of the original thirteen, ratified the Consti- 

 tution June 21, 1788; area, 9,305 square miles. 

 The population, according to each decennial cen- 

 sus, was 141,885 in 1790; 183,858 in 1800; 214,- 

 460 in 1810; 244,022 in 1820; 269,328 in 1830; 

 284,574 in 1840; 317,976 in 1850; 326,073 in 

 1860; 318,300 in 1870; 346,991 in 1880; and 

 376,530 in 1890. Capital, Concord. 



Government, The following were the State 

 officers during the year: Governor, Hiram A. 

 Tuttle, Republican ; Secretary of State, Ezra 

 S. Stearns ; Treasurer, Solon A. Carter ; At- 

 torney-General, Daniel Barnard ; Superintendent 

 of Public Instruction, James W. Patterson ; In- 

 surance Commissioner, John C. Linehan ; Rail- 

 road Commissioners, Henry M. Putney, Benja- 

 min F. Prescott, and J. M. Mitchell, who re- 

 signed on April 11. The vacancy caused by the 

 resignation of Commissioner Mitchell remained 

 unfilled during the year, by reason of the per- 

 sistent refusal of the Council to confirm the nom- 

 ination of Thomas Cogswell, which was repeat- 

 edly made by the Governor. Chief Justice of 

 the Supreme Court. Charles Doe ; Associate Jus- 

 tices, Isaac W. Smith, William H. H. Allen, 

 Lewis W. Clark, Isaac N. Blodgett, Alonzo 

 P. Carpenter, and George A. Bingham, who re- 

 signed early in the year and was succeeded by 

 William M. Chase. 



Finances. The following figures show the 

 receipts and expenditures of the treasury for 

 the year ending May 31 and the condition of 

 the State debt : Cash on hand June 1, 1890, $202.- 

 061.31; receipts during the year, $1,799,807.85; 

 disbursements during the year, $1,690,050.08 ; 

 cash on hand June 1, 1891, $311,819.08; liabili- 



