NOVA SCOTIA. 



C01 



cnl. of metallic iron. The lower bed 

 shows mil- thieknev. <>f three foot, anil another of 

 three and a halt fee I. This ore is magnetite, and 

 yields l.s |.i-r cent, of metallic iron. Indications 

 of the continuation of these lied- may ! 

 from ten to t wehe miles in the direction of their 

 strike. I'IMHI the Nictan river several distinct 

 and pttrallcl l)edsare found of similar ore mag- 

 netites and hematites varying from four to 

 twelve feel in width, and extending east and 

 \\c-t for some twenty miles. These ores yield 

 from '>:', to .">!) per cent of metallic iron. Bog 



i superior quality abound in the same vi- 

 cinity. The liest known of the Nova Scotian 

 iron deposits is that of Londonderry or the 



Acadian mines in Colchester County. The de- 

 posit being worked consists of a vein stone of 

 jinkerite. varying in width from 30 feet to IfiO 

 feet, the ore proper being for the most part li- 

 inonite, out also containing consideralle quanti- 

 ties of micaceous hematite, the whole giving 

 ."irs'i per cent, of metallic iron. The iron pro- 

 duced liy the Londonderry mines is said to he 

 the very liest for steel making. At the Acadian 

 mines -io.lsi) tons of iron- were produced in 1800. 

 At Brooldield. near Truro, there is a deposit of 

 limonite and hematite believed to lie even more 

 extensive than that of Londonderry. At Old 

 Hams, near Trurb. are rich beds of limonite and 

 specular ore. The iron deposits of 1'icton County 

 are liclieved to he more extensive than those of 

 any other district in the province. Analyses 

 show the following returns from the several 

 species of ore there found : Limonite, from f)(i to 

 65; hematite, from 43 to 45; and specular ore, 

 from M to fiS per cent, of metallic iron. Im- 

 mense bill as yet undeveloped deposits are also 

 found in the island of Capi- lireton. at Big Pond, 

 near the great Bras d'Or, George's River. Whyco- 

 cotnah. Hast Bay. and elsewhere, all on the verge 

 of safe, navigable water and near to coal mines, 

 the ores from which average some 60 percent, of 

 metallic iron 



Copper ores have been found widely dissemi- 

 nated throughout Nova Scotia, occurring in rocks 

 of every geological age. Lumps and grains of 

 virgin copper and streaks and pockets of differ- 

 ent varieties of cupriferous ore have been found 

 in considerable quantity through the trap of the 

 new red-sandstone period, and small veins and 

 nests of the sulphite and green carbonate of cop- 

 per, yielding as high as 74 per cent, of metallic 

 copper, occur at numerous points in the coal 

 measures of Cumberland. Colchester, and Pic- 

 tou. and elsewhere. At Poison's Lake. Guys- 

 borough, Cheticamp. Inverness, and Coxheath, 

 Cape Breton, large and rich deposits of cuprifer- 

 ous ore are found. 



The coal deposits of Nova Scotia, so far as 

 known, are all bituminous. The most eastern 

 of these fields covers the eastern part of Cape 

 Breton County, with a corner of Victoria, and 

 comprises about 200 square miles. Within this 

 space mining operations have been carried on 

 upon nine different coal beds, varying in thick- 

 ness from three to twelve feet. The estimate of 

 available coal of the beds opened for working is 

 212,000,000 tons. These coal beds dip beneath 

 the sea. and the available coal product from 

 the submarine beds alone has been cautiously <-- 

 timated at 2,000,000,000 tons. Nearly the whole 



gulf ooant of InverriPM Conntr prwnt* worka- 

 ble U'd.H of coal. The I'icloii coal field com- 

 prises a MifM-rflcial ami of almut 85 wjiiine 

 miles. bi the thickncsx of cml within th; 

 parativcly small Imxin is great. The coal Ix-d* 

 may be considered a^ divided into two gr> 

 upper and lower. In the upper group, within a 

 thieknes> of 'J.-I.'.O feet of -trala, tin n 

 available coal seams. The lotVBT gTOVD COBSittS 

 of nine beds. The carbon i Tennis area of w>ut hern 

 ( 'olchester and northern Hunt- remain, in | 

 measure, unexplored. Exclusive of i IK 

 tricts, the total area of the product he coal 

 ures ,,f Nova Scotia has been estimated at K*~t 

 square miles. 



The total output of coal in the province for 

 18!)0 was 1.7H..111 tons, and 31. ','!)<>. 17:.' tons in 

 all have been produced from the e mines since 

 they were opened. 



T^he royalty payable to the provincial revenue 

 is. for gold, 2 per cent. : for coal, nine tenths and 

 seven tenths of a cent per ton of 2,240 pounds: 

 three cents for every ton (of 2,000 pounds) of iron 

 ore ; ten cents on every ton (2,000 pounds) of cop- 

 perore ; and 5 percent, on the value of silver, lead, 

 and tin. All other minerals are without royalty. 

 and belong to the owners of the soil where found. 

 Rich deposits of antimony are found at Kawd<m. 

 Hants County; manganese of superior , quality 

 in the same county ; barytes in great abundance 

 in Brookfield and Five Islands. Colchester; mo- 

 lybdenite in quantity in Cape Breton; and the 

 grindstones of the Jaggins shore, in Cumber- 

 land, have acquired a world-wide fame. Gyp- 

 sum, limestone, molding sand, and building 

 stone in the form of diversified granites, fi- 

 stones, and marble abound. 



Marine and Fisheries. Taken as an indi- 

 vidual nation, Canada ranks as the third of ship- 

 owners, being only surpassed in this respect by- 

 Great Britain and the German Empire. An ag- 

 gregate for the Dominion of Canada, on tl.e 

 registry books, on the 31st of December. 1810, 

 gives a net tonnage of 1.024,074. To that aggre- 

 gate Nova Scotia contributed no less than 404.- 

 104 tons, being considerably over one third of 

 the whole Dominion tonnage. In the same year 

 (1800) the number of new vessels built in Nora 

 Scotia was 150. tonnage 83.007. as against 285 

 vessels of 52,378 Ions for the whole Dominion. 

 The total value of these new vessels, at $45 per 

 ton. would be $2.857.010. The sea fisheries of 

 Canada, on the coasts of Nova Scotia, New 

 Brunswick. Prince Edward Island. QucWc, and 

 British Columbia, are among the richest in the 

 world : while the fresh-water fisheries of the 

 ureat lakes and rivers of the country are no- 

 where to be surpassed. The total value of the 

 fisheries of Canada for the real ^'^ was $17,- 

 714.002; and to this aggregj te Nova Scotia alone 

 contributed $<5.(i3(i.445. being considerably over 

 one third of .lie total catch. The number of 

 vessels and boats employed by the latter prov- 

 ince in the fisheries of 1S!K) was 14.2HO: value. 

 $1.783.071 ; number of men, 87.084; nets. 3.13<>.- 

 3i)4 fathoms, valued at $7153,100: other fishing 

 material valued at $74?.n-n. Nova Scotia has 

 1 H sometimes misrepresented asn sterile coun- 

 try. It is a real misrepresentation. It mav be 

 stated in general terms that the province does 

 not grow all the wheat that it eats, but, never- 



