nl'.riTAKlKS, 



N. (BRATUKO-CARTE*.) 



one tliut In- brought against Mr. Ncwdcgate for muin- 

 tciiuncc. It VMI- not lill l s s.; tliut In- was allowed to 

 Ink,- tin- .-alii and IM-I.MM his career a.- a member of 

 I'urliaiiii-nt. Two \cars later In- and his friends MIC- 

 : in having tin- outlis a.-t so amended that uthc 

 permitted. ni, ai-i-innit of conscientious Hcruplei, 

 ID ulliriu. Ill Parliament In- disgusted his former 

 follower- among tin- working people by uprising the 

 c\tcii-ion "I employers' liability, tin- eight hour day, 

 and i-tluT lalior measures, liy this altitude lit- estab- 

 lished a strung bond of sympathy with the people 

 wln> had been hi.-, bitterest opponents, and as In- did 

 not nlitrudr hi.s irreligious view.- and devoted hi.- m 

 ergy and ingenuity to advocating academical opin- 

 ion- that roused little antagonism, with al>le argu- 

 ment- l'n-i- t'roin irritating allusion-, he umi tin- iv 



speel n|' the sober members of both parties and was 



listeiie.l to with more attention than the other Radi- 

 cals. His deiiuneiation oi the perpetual pensions and 



sinecures enjoyed l>y members oi' llolile houses slls- 



taincd his reputation as a democratic Radical. Lat- 

 terly he devoted himself to the more nmliitious task 

 Of representing in 1'arliament the desires of the Hin- 

 du- tor representative institutions, and was accepted 

 liy them a.s their special advocate, the " Indian mem- 

 ber." I'lider his mentorship the Indian ( 'OIILTCS- 



enlarged the scheme of representative government 



that had already obtained the approval of some prac- 

 tical Anglo-Indian administrators, thus putting otf 

 its realization, hut with a hope of winning a greater 

 ultimate success through his powert'ul udvocac\. Vis- 

 iting India in issil in thu hope of restoring his shat- 

 tered health, he took part in the Congress held at the 

 end of that year. Three days before his death the 

 Hoii-e of Commons, without a dissenting voice, ex- 

 punged the resolution of. I line :iJ, ls>o. which refused 

 him permission either to take the oath or to ailirm 

 when lie claimed his seat 



Bratiano, Joan, a Roumanian statesman, born in Bu- 

 charest ill lM'1 ; died then-. May 1H. IV.il. lie served 

 a short time in the Roumanian army, went to Paris 

 ill Is41.and studied in the College d'c France and the, 

 ficole rolytechnique, fought for the republic with 

 his brother Demetrio in the revolution of Febru- 

 ary, 1848, returned to Bucharest in the following 

 April, was appointed one of the secretaries of the 

 Provisional (Government, and became a leader of the 

 Democratic party that aimed to free Koumania from 

 Turkish dominion and keep the state equally free from 

 dependence on Ktissia. During the revolution he was 

 Minister of police. With his brother he was proscribed 

 after the intervention of Russia; and, returning to 

 Paris, he engaged in journalism. Being condemned to 

 prison for revolutionary writings in 1853 for the term of 

 three year.-, he wrote aiid brought out in 1*55 a" Mem- 

 oir on the Austrian Empire in the Kastern (Ques- 

 tion," and in 1857 he published a ' Memoir on the Sit- 

 uation of Moldo-Wallachia after the Treaty of Paris." 

 In this year he and his brother returned to Bucha- 

 rest, and as Deputies in the Provisional Assembly both 

 made a name as orators. In 1*75, when the impend- 

 ing Servian war reopened the Kastern question, .loan 

 Bratiano, at the head of the National party, aspired 

 to -rain for the Roumanian nationality its share in the 

 division of the Turkish Empire. He became Presi- 

 dent ot 'the ( 'oiincil and Minister of Finance in the 

 Cabinet constituted on July 24, 1876, exchanging 

 tab portfolio for that of the Interior later. He brought 

 about the proclamation of Roumanian independence 

 on Mav _'!. 1*77. and was forced into the alliance 

 with Russia and the declaration of war against Tur- 

 key. For twelve years, with an intermission of two 

 or three months in" 1**1. when his brother took the 

 premiership, he guided the affairs of Roiimania, which 

 w .-i> erected into a kingdom in 1881. In 1886 an at - 

 tempt was made on his life, the motive for which 

 wa- not discovered. He made enemies by his arbi- 

 trary methods, ami in Isss \ V; is overturned by a coal- 

 ition of Junini'.-ts. Conservative-, and Liberals. 



Brpnsart von SchellendorffJ (leti.. Herman ex-Minister 

 of War, born in Daiit.-ie in Is:;:!; died in Berlin, June 



He was dMoended from Hugutnot emigrant* 



to Prussia. Khtering the nn 

 (Guards, he wu xooil culled to h'tult dul>. und 

 capacitv he went through the Austrian euiiil>ui(.Mi with 

 tin- -Jd Army Cor|~. In the wun.f Ii7" 71 ) 

 charge, of ii M-ction of the general itUtf and vu 

 Hint; NS'illiumV mei>M-iiL'i r to Nap.. I, on when the 

 white tlatf WIIM hung out at Sedan, (ieii. \oii Moltke 

 intrusU-d him with many delicate iniw;> 



the |H-aee he Ker\ ed as chief of the itatt iif the (iliurdi. 

 CorpH, and in Inn.'} wa M-lectid on aci-oiitit of Inn 



resolute alld a^L'fessive qiiulitii-s t'- ' Ji. \o|| 



Kameke UK Minister of War. He oxen-uine tin- op- 

 position of the Ke'n-hstaj,' to the addition >l 

 men to the peace f<>tilit'. and pllr-hed through the 

 measures for the i.r/ani/ation and urman^ 

 the Landwchr and Landsturm, which practically 

 doubled the fighting htreiiL'th of the empire. He 



Was succeeded ill i--s l,\ ( ieli. Venly dll Venjoii*, 



and after a brief retirement took command of the Ut 

 Army Corps, which active |M.st he h Id at the time of 

 his sudden death. It was generally Mippowd that if 

 war should break out (Jen. BrOOMll would \H: lnadc 

 eomniander-in-chief of the (MTIIIUII army. 



Carl, Friedrich Alexander, King of Wimeinl>erg, \mnt 

 in Stuttgart, March !, IM':!; died there, Oct. ''., J.-.M. 

 He was the son of Wilhelm I, the second King, and 

 married on July 13, 1K4<>, the (irand Duchess Olga, 

 daughter of the C/ar Nicholas. On the death of his 

 fat her, on June -J.'., l,Mi.l.he ascended the throne under 

 the style of ( 'arl I. During the period when Prussia 

 was working for supremacy in (lennany he stroxe 

 against the eon.-olhlution under 1'riissian headship. 

 but abandoned his particularistic tendencies and all 

 political activity when lie saw that resistance won 

 useless, leaving to his strong-minded wife the direc- 

 tion of court affairs and the forms of a .-.,M reignty 

 that had lost its substance. Trained in military 

 routine in his youth, he conceived a strong dislike for 

 martial pomp. Modest and simple in his way of liv- 

 ing, genial and hospitable in disi>sition, winning 

 in his manners, he was an intelligent patron and lover 

 of art and literature, and did much to make Stuttgart 

 one of the artistic and intellectual centers of (i,r- 

 manv. He embellished the city architecturally, fos- 

 tered music, drama, and science ; and at OIK- time 

 gathered about him a circle of bright authors, which 

 included Franz Dingelstedt, Friedrich Hackh.nder, 

 and Moritz von llartmann. Toward the end of hid 

 life he chose for companions some Americans who 

 initiated him into the study of li\ pnotisin und simi- 

 lar phenomena. These persons wen- looked on in 

 court circles as ad venturers, and the Queen int< 

 and after a contest removed the King from their influ- 

 ence. The successor to the throm- is Wilhelm II, 

 grandson of the late King's uncle, who was born Feb. 

 L'.'i. Isjs, and married for his second wife Prince.-* 

 Carlotta <>f Sehaumburg-I.ippc in 1886. If he dies 

 without male issue the throne passes to the Catholic 

 branch of the family. 



Carter, Henry A. P., Hawaiian minister to the I'nited 

 States, born in Honolulu. Aug. 7, 1887; died in New- 

 York citv. Nov. 7. iv.'l. He was sent to an aunt in 

 Boston, Mass., tor his early education, afterward at- 

 tended the schools in Hawaii, joined the gold seekers 

 in California, but returned and became a clerk und 

 afterward a partner in the mercantile tirm of C. 

 Ilivwer ov Co. He ti>ok an active part in negotiating 

 the reciiiriK-ity treaty with the I'nited Stut> - 

 when Minister Klisha II. Allen suddenly died, in 1 -::. 

 Mr. Carter, who had held im|H>rtant po.-ts in_ tin- 

 Hawaiian (Government, among them those of Minis- 

 ter of Finance and Minister of the Interior, was 

 appointed mini-ter at Washington. He lal>orcd t> 

 secure the effective working of the treaty, which 

 went into etlect in 1SS7, and after the adoption of the 

 new tariff to obtain from Congress the pa a. 

 resolution so construing the tarift act :L- to prUMTVe 

 the reciprocity relations with Hawaii. In ISSfc-'ST 

 he went to Boron three times on special uiwsiona to 

 the French and Knglish government*. 



