750 



PORTUGAL. 



soldiers, who are recruited in part by conscrip- 

 tion and in part by enlistment, serve in the 

 active army three years. The number of men to 

 be maintained is fixed from year to year by the 

 Cortes. The peace effective for 1891 of the per- 

 manent army was 2,089 officers and 25.658 men, 

 with 3,985 horses and mules. There were, in ad- 

 dition, 79 officers and 2,176 men in the municipal 

 guards, and 178 officers and 4,791 men in the fis- 

 cal guards. The war effective is estimated at 

 4.000 officers and 150,000 men, with 23,000 

 horses and 264 guns. About half of these are 

 trained soldiers. There are maintained, in ad- 

 dition to the home army, the colonial forces, 

 which number 8,880 officers and men, exclusive of 

 the native troops. 



The fleet, in 1891, consisted of 1 armored cor- 

 vette of 3,200 horse-power, carrying 9 guns; 6 

 corvettes, having a total of 48 guns ; 24 gun- 

 boats, with 76 guns ; 5 torpedo boats ; 2 armed 

 transports ; and 3 other steamers, besides 13 sail 

 vessels. The navy in 1891 had 256 officers and 

 4,360 sailors, besides 400 in the colonies. 



Commerce. The special imports of merchan- 

 dise in 1890 were in total value 44,423,593 milreis, 

 and the special exports 21.536.299 milreis. The 

 imports of precious metals were 14,534,500 mil- 

 reis, and the exports 10,538,825 milreis. The 

 values of the principal articles of importation 

 were as follow: Cereals, 3,991,000 milreis; 

 machinery and instruments, 3,443,000 milreis : 

 cotton goods, 3,145.000 milreis; iron, 2,512,000 

 milreis ; coal, 2,096,000 milreis ; woolens, 2,085,- 

 000 milreis; sugar, 2,030,000 milreis ; raw cotton, 

 1,892,000 milreis: railroad material, 1,784,003 

 milreis ; codfish, 1,747,000 milreis ; chemicals, 

 1,453,000 milreis; wool, 1,436,000 milreis; ani- 

 mals, 1,421,000 milreis : timber, 1,151,000 milreis ; 

 hides and skins, 1,142,000 milreis; silks, 1,116,- 

 000 milreis. The chief exports and their value 

 were: Wine, 10,898,000 milreis; cork, 3,114,00'.) 

 milreis; fish, 1,016,000 milreis; copper, 1,016,003 

 milreis. Minor articles of export are animals, 

 figs, and onions. 



Navigation. There were 3,720 steamers of 

 4.932,000 tons, and 2,390 sailing vessels of 356,- 

 000 tons, entered in 1890, exclusive of coasting 

 vessels. The departures numbered 3,701 steam- 

 ers of 4,922,000 tons, and 2,680 sailing ships of 

 354,000 tons. The merchant navy, not including 

 small coasting and fishing vessels, contained 67 

 steamers of 108,601 metric tons, and 486 sailing 

 vessels of 101,711 metric tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. There 

 were 2.149 kilometres of railroads in operation 

 and 155 kilometres under construction on Jan. 

 1, 1891. The Beira Baixa Railroad, in the con- 

 struction of which through the mountains 

 great engineering difficulties were overcome, was 

 opened on Sept." 5, 1891. The postal traffic in 

 1889 was as follows : Domestic letters, 19.965.000 ; 

 international letters, 5,185,000; postal cards, 

 3,907.000; printed matter, 22.118,000 pieces; 

 money transmitted by letters or orders, 3,466,000 

 francs. The state telegraphs have a total length 

 of 5,606 kilometres, with 18,011 kilometres of 

 wire. The number of internal dispatches in 

 1887 was 628,329, and of foreign dispatches 477,- 

 117. The receipts from the postal service were 

 5.707.477 francs, and from the telegraphs 1.035,- 

 797 francs. 



Military Revolt. A Republican faction 

 called the Federal Group Union, having for its 

 aim the establishment of a federal republic em- 

 bracing the Iberian peninsula, encouraged by 

 Spanish Republicans who pursue the same idea, 

 took advantage of a feeling of discontent border- 

 ing on insubordination that existed among the 

 non-commissioned officers of the army to incite 

 a part of the Oporto garrison to revolt on Jan. 

 31, 1891. The petty officers were dissatisfied 

 because the law for the advancement of men 

 from the ranks to officers' grades was defeated 

 by the conferring of all the commissions on 

 graduates of the military schools. The small- 

 ness of their pay afforded another grievance. 

 Several of them had been punished or reduced 

 to the ranks for manifesting their discontent. 

 In communication with the Federal Group, a 

 large number of sergeants agreed to start a mu- 

 tiny in the garrisons, which was to be the signal 

 for the proclamation of the republic and a civil 

 insurrection. Though the Republicans are nu- 

 merous and influential, they are not harmonious. 

 The leaders of the important groups had noth- 

 ing to do with the revolrtionary plot. The Gov- 

 ernment got wind of it, and was able to take 

 measures in time to prevent a rising in all the 

 towns except Oporto, where the movement origi- 

 nated. In the early morning of Jan. 31 the Ninth 

 Regiment of chasseurs left its barracks and went 

 to a camping-ground, where it was joined by the 

 Tenth Infantry, led by Capt. Leitao and Lieut. 

 Coelho, and by a regiment of the fiscal guards 

 and 150 of the foot guards. They marched to- 

 gether, after breaking into the barracks of the 

 Eighteenth Infantry to enable mutineers in that 

 regiment to join them, to Praco Dom Pedro, 

 their numbers being 'swelled by large crowds of 

 civilians. Taking possession of the town hall, 

 they constituted a provisional government, com- 

 posed of Dr. Alves de Veiga, Rodrigues Freitas, 

 Gen. Correia da Silva, Azevedo Leite, and Pinto 

 Leite. The loyalty of the municipal guards pre- 

 vented them from getting possession of the city 

 before troops could arrive from Lisbon. When 

 the guards fired on a body of insurgents many 

 fled in terror, while others fought bravely until 

 they were dislodged. A larger force of insur- 

 gents made a second attempt to ascend the Rua 

 San Antonio, in order to seize the palace of the 

 civil governor and cut the telegraph wires. They 

 were driven back, and while the municipal guards 

 and the loyal part of the Eighteenth Regiment 

 picketed various streets, the rebels occupied the 

 municipal palace. The municipal guards sur- 

 rounded the building, which was bombarded for 

 two hours and nearly destroyed by a brigade of 

 artillery which arrived with two cannons, after 

 which the municipal guards made a bayonet 

 charge and overpowered the defenders in a des- 

 perate fight. Returning with their prisoners to 

 the barracks, they had another fight with the 

 insurgent guards within. The disturbance be- 

 gan at three in the morning and was quelled be- 

 fore four in the afternoon. There were 50 killed 

 and over 200 wounded during the emeute. The 

 " Republica Portugueza," organ of the Federal 

 Republicans, was confiscated, the other Repub- 

 lican papers of the country were suppressed, and 

 all Republican and Socialist clubs were closed. 

 The mutinous regiments were disbanded. Mar- 



