ROMAN CATi!<I,lc CHfK< II. 





down t.. history as the most remarkable encvdi- 

 cal of his pontificate. It. n c.. n l. <1 his sympathy 

 with the legitimate aspirations of tin- tnileis m 



liic language <>f Conciliation and lo\c. The rr- 

 ciprocal duties of labor and capital, us well us 

 tin- pro\inces of the Chiireh and state in 

 anielii. rating the ronditionsof the impoverished, 

 ill-paid, and neglected \V(.rkei>, were distinctly 

 pointed out. It indicated the necessity for 

 mutual forbearance and consideration on the 

 .'f employers and employed, defended 

 the right of labor to combine for remunerative 

 and protection from injustice, as well as 

 that of tlu- state to interfere in behalf of shorter 

 hours, sanitary conditions, and by enactment 

 prevent female and child labor in exhausting 

 employments. It urged that the standard of 

 return for labor be not that of mere subsistence, 

 luit such as shall facilitate the acquirement of 

 property, allow for provision for age and ac- 

 cident, and give opportunity for moral and 

 intellectual improvement, physical development 

 and rational enjoyment. 



The College of Cardinals. Six cardinals 

 (including Mgr. Kotelli, who died before he re- 

 ceived the insignia) passed away during 1891. 



Cardinal James Simor, who died Jan. 23, was 

 Archbishop of Gran and Primate of Hungary. 

 He was born at Stuhlweissenburg, Aug. 25, 1813, 

 and commenced life as a shoemaker. At his 

 death he was one of the wealthiest as well as 

 most powerful philanthropists of Austria. A 

 large portion of his revenues was personally 

 distributed by him among the poor, in sustain- 

 ing the poorer clergy, and in maintaining hos- 

 pitals, convents, and schools. His influence in 

 state matters was vast. 



( 'ardinal Charles Christofori, who died Jan. 30, 

 had just turned sixty-eight, and was prefect of 

 the Sacred Congregation of Indulgences and 

 Relics. He was one of Pope Leo's selections. 



Cardinal Joseph Mihalovitch, who died Feb. 19, 

 at seventy-seven, was made a member of the 

 Sacred College by Pius IX in 1877. Ho was 

 noted for his charities, his last act being to 

 donate 100,000 rubles to eleemosynary insti- 

 tutions. 



Cardinal Cajeta Alimonda, Archbishop of 

 Turin, who died May 24 was noted as ''the 

 Lacordaire of Italy." He was born in Genoa in 

 1818, and was a journalist. He edited the 

 "Cattolico" in Rome, and signalized his admin- 

 i>! rat ion of that organ by defending Dr. Newman 

 in 1852. His lectures in Genoa in 18C4 are by 

 some high authorities declared to be "the finest 

 specimens of oratorical art of the century." 



Cardinal Louis Haynold, Archbishop of Ka- 

 locsa and PiaVs. Hungary, who died July 5, was 

 renowned for his learning, statesmanship, and 

 patronage of the arts and sciences, i I is works 

 are numerous and standard. He was made 

 cardinal in 1879 with Archbishop Alimonda. 



Cardinal Hotelli. who died suddenly. Sept. 15. 

 at fifty-eight, was Papal Nuncio at Paris. lie 

 was a born diplomat, and to him belongs tin- 

 credit of reuniting the Armenian Catholics with 

 the Church. 



In France. The laicization of the schools 

 was completed, but the laws relative to the 

 service of clerical students in tin- army wen- 

 relaxed. The appearance of "The Catholic 



Republican" marked the growing desire to 



harmoni/.e the Church with the republic on the 

 lines of Cardinal I-avigerie and tin- 1' 



In <Tinany. The election* gave the Cath- 

 olics under llerr Windthoi>l l(Hi i : : 

 who, uniting with the Conservative*, controlled 

 tin- legislation of the empi f the fir>t 



results was the return of 1(1,000,000 marks AK 

 interest on the property and appropriation* of 

 the Church Confiscated during the fti.smarckiuii 

 Kttlturkumpf. Acknowledging thin act f 

 justice, Leo. XIII wrote Kinperor William, and. 

 among other things, said the religious sentiment 

 alone could solve the terrible social problems of 

 the present hour. 



The death of Windthorst was a severe blow to 

 the German Catholic cause. It occurred March 

 14. He was eighty years old, and had led tin- 

 Center party against Bismarck fr< in 1H71. His 

 last words urged his compatriot* to wage an un- 

 compromising battle until every principle dear 

 to them was vindicated. He was working for 

 the return of the expelled religious orders and 

 the religious educational question at the time of 

 his death. 



The Holy Coat of Treves, presented as a relic 

 of Jesus Christ to the city of Treves by St. 

 Helena, mother of Charlemagne, was exposed to 

 public view at the cathedral, beginning Aug. 23. 

 One million two hundred thousand pilgrims 

 saw it during the period of its exhibition. 



In England. The first week in February 

 witnessed a great debate in the House of Com- 

 mons on the reading of the "Religious Disabil- 

 ities Removal Bill, being an effort to alH>li>h 

 the remaining penal laws which prevent Cath- 

 olics from holding certain high political oflici s. 

 Mr. Gladstone advocated the bill in one of the 

 finest speeches of his life, but it was beaten on 

 the second reading by a vote of 256 to 223. 



The year saw the beginning by the Society of 

 Jesus in England of a great commentary in 

 English on the Scriptures. Twelve Jesuit 

 fathers were designated for the work, which is 

 to cover six years. The first volumes will be 

 published in 1893. 



The return of the English Benedictines from 

 Douai, France, after an exile of three centurio. 

 was celebrated early in the vear. The order re- 

 established itself at Great Malvern. 



In Ireland. The Unixm of Charles Stewart 

 Parnell with the wife of Captain O'Shea cau-i d 

 the withdrawal of the support, of the Irish hier- 

 archy from the Home-rule leader early in the 

 year. In a public manifesto signed by all tin- 

 bishops it was declared that Parnell had by his 

 immorality outraged the sentiments of a re- 

 ligious people. As shepherds of (ho Catholic 

 flock they could not condone the offense by si- 

 lence. An anti-clerical agitation was immedi- 

 ately started by Parnell and his followers. The 

 verdicts at the polls sustained the stand of the 

 bishops. 



Persecutions in China. In May an anti 

 foreign uprising took place in Wahu. and the 

 Catholic missions were looted and burned. The 

 priests escaped to boats in the river. The out- 

 break, conducted by organized - n t societies of 

 a Nihilistic nature, spread, and European mis- 

 sions of every denomination were attacked. 

 The native converts suffered terribly, and the 



