776 



ROUMANIA. 



Area and Population. The area of Rouma- 

 nia is 48,307 square miles. The population re- 

 ported in the census of 1885 was 4,650,823, but 

 the result is officially declared to be below the 

 actual number, which is estimated at 5,000,000. 

 Of this number about 4,250,000 are Roumanians 

 and the rest are Jews, gypsies, Bulgarians, Ger- 

 mans, Magyars, Armenians, etc. The people of 

 Roumanian race in Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, 

 and European Turkey exceed in number those 

 within the boundaries of the kingdom. The 

 number of marriages in 1890 was 38,654; the 

 number of births, 204,669 ; the number of deaths, 

 150,757 ; excess of births, 53,912. Bucharest, the 

 capital, has 221,000 inhabitants ; Jassy, 90,000 ; 

 Galatz, 80,000. 



Finances. The receipts of the Government 

 for the year ending March 31, 1890, were 159,- 

 849,207 lei or francs, and the expenses 158,770,- 

 924 lei. Of the total receipts 29,335,000 lei were 

 derived from direct taxation, 41,205,000 lei from 

 indirect taxes, 42,950,000 lei from state monopo- 

 lies. 23,619,600 lei from domains, 13,527,000 lei 

 from public works, 3,816,000 lei from the vari- 

 ous administrative departments, and 8,225.000 

 lei from other sources. Of the total expendi- 

 tures 61,441,318 lei were required for the public 

 debt, 63,560 lei the expenses of the Council of 

 Ministers, 4,171,068 lei were allocated to the Min- 

 istry of Domains, 6,176,548 lei to the Ministry 

 of Public Works, 12.226,571 lei to the Ministry 

 of the Interior, 22,335,435 lei to the Ministry of 

 Finance, 38,355,598 lei to the Ministry of War, 

 1,508,766 lei to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 

 17,537,886 lei to the Ministry of Public Instruc- 

 tion, 5,229*544 lei to the Ministry of Justice, and 

 692,406 lei to the fund for supplementary and 

 extraordinary credits. 



The public debt on April 1, 1892, amounts to 

 969,575,228 lei, requiring for the payment of in- 

 terest, mostly at 4 and 5 per cent., the sum of 

 56,985,923 lei in 1891-'92. 



The Army. The four army corps are territo- 

 rially distributed in nine divisions, each com- 

 posed of two brigades of two regiments. The 

 Dorobantzi, or infantry soldiers, are armed with 

 Martini rifles. The peace effective of the army 

 is 2.936 officers and 48,500 men, with 13,200 

 horses and 600 cannon. This does not include 

 71,000 men in the territorial army. In time of 

 war each division can be brought up to a strength 

 of 32.000 men, and the Dobrudja division can be 

 brought up to 20,000 men, making a total effect- 

 ive of 3,500 officers and 148,000 men, with 15,000 

 horses. 



The naval force in 1891 consisted of 1 torpedo 

 cruiser , 2 side- wheel avisos, 5 screw gunboats, 1 

 torpedo gunboat, and 5 torpedo boats. 



The frontier fortifications, erected on the de- 

 signs of -the Belgian Gen. Brialmont, make it very 

 difficult, if not impossible, for a Russian army 

 to force a -passage through Roumania to attack 

 Bulgaria or Turkey in case of an Eastern war in 

 which Roumania remains neutral. 



Commerce. The total value of imports in 

 1890 was 362,791,054 lei, and the total for exports 

 was 275^958,415 lei. Of the imports, Germany 

 furnished 109,252.000 lei, Great Britain 97,559,- 

 000 lei, Austria-Hungary 52.716,000 lei, France 

 39,648,000 lei, Belgium 18,926,000 lei, Turkey and 

 Bulgaria 13,627,000 Ji, Russia 8,664,000 lei, 



Switzerland 8,011,000 lei, Italy 5,168,000 lei, 

 Greece 904,000 lei, and other countries 8,316,000 

 lei. Of the exports 161.386,000 lei went to 

 Austria-Hungary, 43,451,000 lei to Belgium, 17,- 

 196,000 lei to France, 12,605,000 lei to Germany, 

 11,610,000 lei to Italy. 9,516,000 lei to Turkey 

 and Bulgaria, 8,913,000 lei to England, 4,583.000 

 lei to Russia, and 6,653,000 lei to other countries. 

 The imports of textiles amounted to 155,000,000 

 lei ; metals and metal manufactures to 64,500,- 

 000 lei; fruits, legumes, etc., 24,300,000 lei ; hides, 

 skins, and leather to 20,300,000 lei ; minerals, 

 glass, and crockery to 16,500,000 lei ; paper man- 

 ufactures to 13,800,000 lei; drugs and dyes to 

 9,300,000 lei. Among the exports, cereals stand 

 for 226,100,000 lei of the total value, and fruits 

 for 26,100,000 lei ; animals and animal produce 

 for 6,400,000 lei ; textile materials for 4,600,000 

 lei; and all others amounted to 11,800,000 lei. 

 The vessels entered at the Roumanian ports in 



1889 numbered 30,807, of 8,078,938 tons, while 

 30,586, of 8.789,894 tons, were cleared. The mer- 

 chant marine consisted of 18 steamers, of 840 

 tons, and 105 sailing vessels, of 11,040 tons. 



Communications. The state railroads open 

 to traffic in 1891 had a total length of 2,493 kilo- 

 metres. There were 546 kilometres in process 

 of construction, and 1,009 kilometres more were 

 in contemplation. 



The post-office in 1889 transmitted 13,110,372 

 letters, 3,927,093 post-cards, and 6,739,642 in- 

 closures of printed matter. The receipts were 

 3,463,462 lei from the post-office, and 2,471,113 

 lei from the telegraph service, and the expenses 

 of both were 4,015,191 lei. The telegraphs in 



1890 had a total length of 5,490 kilometres, with 

 11,797 kilometres of wire. The number of do- 

 mestic telegrams sent during the year was 966,- 

 570 ; of external telegrams, 346,079 ; of telegrams 

 in transit, 44,333. 



European Commission of the Danube. 

 The receipts of the International Danubian Com- 

 mission, which sits at Galatz, were 3.468,607 

 francs for 1890, and the expenses were 2,265,716 

 francs. The debt was paid off before June 30. 

 1887, and the commission at the end of 1890 had 

 a reserve fund of 1,000,000 francs and 509,473 

 francs in pension funds laid by. The number of 

 steamers cleared at the Sulsina mouth of the 

 Danube during 1890 was 1,303, of 1,449,257 tons. 

 and the number of sailing vessels was 525, of 

 90.188 tons, making a total of 1,828 vessels, of 

 1,539,445 tons, exclusive of passenger steamers. 

 Of the total number 778, of 983,862 tons, were 

 English; 235, of 164,993 tons, were Greek; 417. 

 of 81,585 tons, were Turkish ; 109, of 80,560 

 tons, were Austrian ; 55, of 61,674 tons, were 

 French ; 60, of 58,560 tons, were Italian ; and 

 the rest were chiefly German, Russian, Norwe- 

 gian, and Dutch. The exports of wheat in 1890 

 were 4,652,000 quarters: of rye, 468,000 quar- 

 ters ; of maize, 3,578,000 quarters ; of barley, 

 1,283,000 quarters. 



Politics. The ministry, at the opening of 

 1891, was composed as follows : Gen. G. Mano, 

 President of the Council and Minister of Justice : 

 T. Rosetti, Minister of Justice, and ad interim ' of 

 Public Instruction and Worship; A. Lahovary, 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs ; M. Germani, Min- 

 ister of Finance ; A. Marghiloman, Minister of 

 Public Works ; G. G. Peucesco, Minister of Agri- 



