RUSSIA. 



780,000 rubles, and the extraordinary 178,- 

 KM) making n total of l,<t:.0,5 12,000 rubli-s, 

 which \\.-i.- H*s,(i|:;.iMMi ]n,,iv tliaii tin- i^t minted 

 aiiHMint. From direct taxes the receipt 

 89,184,000 rubles; from indire<-t taxes, 585,987,- 

 000 rubl. -s; from nioiiopoli. .000 rubles; 



from domains, etc., 85,854,000 rubles; other re- 

 ceipts. I!iS!i:;:!.(Hi() nibl.-s. The ordinal 

 penditurex in, 'lu. led 262,084,000 rubles for the 

 public debt. 2,208,000,000 rubles for the superior 

 gn\eniing bodies, 12,098,000 rubles for the Holy 

 Syii.nl, 10,560,000 rubles for the Ministry of the 

 Court, 4,811,000 rubles for the Ministry of For- 

 ei-n A (lairs, -J-.'S, 110,000 rubles for the MiniMry 

 ar, 40,093,000 rubles for the Ministry of 

 .Marine, 100,214,000 rubles for the Ministry of 

 Finance, 24,249,000 rubles for the Ministry of 

 Domains; 70,354,000 rubles for the Ministry of 

 the Interior, 22,039,000 rubles for the Ministry 

 of Public Instruction, 50,290,000 rubles for the 

 Ministry of Communications, 22,861,000 rubles 

 for the Ministry of Justice, 3,873,000 rubles for 

 the Control Office, and 1,136,000 rubles for the 

 imperial stud. The ordinary receipts for 1891 

 were estimated in the budget at 897,198,000 ru- 

 bles; rectttea d'ordre, 3,558,626 rubles ; extraor- 

 dinary receipts, 13,750,189 rubles; funds avail- 

 able for covering the deficit, 47,794,812 rubles ; 

 total. 962,302,521 rubles. The estimate of the 

 ordinary expenses was 895.330,395 rubles; di- 

 penses tfordre, 3,558,626 rubles; extraordinary 

 expenses, 63,413,500 rubles; total, 962,302,521 

 rallies. Including the Polish debt and the vari- 

 ous railroad loans, the Government, on Jan. J, 

 1891, owed 1,008,118,100 rubles payable in specie, 

 2,845,291,000 rubles payable in paper currency, 

 14,100,000 guilders borrowed in Holland, 2l',- 

 997,900, and 545,984,000 francs. The expendi- 

 ture on the debt in 1891 was 250,742,041 rubles. 

 The Army. The young men of European 

 Russia are required to serve five years in the 

 active army, and for thirteen years more they 

 belong to the reserve, and then for five years in 

 the first ban of the territorial army. In Turkes- 

 tan and the Amur region and for the marine 

 troops, the period of active service is seven 

 years, and for the northern Caucasia and the 

 trans-Caspian territories three years, The men 

 of the reserve are obliged to exercise twice for 

 six weeks. Men who escape service in the per- 

 manent army in the drawing of lots, as well as 

 those who have passed through the reserve, form 

 part of the first ban of the territorial army till 

 they are forty-four years old : they may be 

 called out for six weeks' drill up to the age of 

 twenty-five, and in time of war are used to com- 

 plete the permanent army. The second ban is 

 composed of those who are not fit to serve in the 

 regular army. The Cossacks pass through a 

 preparatory training for three years in their na- 

 tive villages, then perform four years of active 

 service in the first ban, after that are inscribed in 

 the second ban for four years, and may l>c called 

 out to exercise three weeks annually, belong for 

 the succeeding four years to the third ban. which 

 may be called once into camp for three weeks, and 

 for five years longer are enrolled in the catcir-'ry 

 of depot troops, and as such may be drawn into 

 the service to complete the armed forces in case 

 of war. The clergy are entirely exempt, and 

 physicians, veterinarians, and pharmacists are 



not called on to servo in time of peace. Since 



he annual contingent of recruit* ha* been 



WMH, -.'.-liio (TofMclu of the Caucuuu., 



and thenumlxT of men of the HrM Imn .f ; 

 ritorial army culled out for the annual exer- 

 l.iw been fixed at H*i,000. 



The |>cacc effective <,f the HtiHxiun army is as 

 follows: MNKJ battalion* of infantry, mini! 

 15,764 officer* and 42l.:iKl men; : .^iiiidroi.- 

 of cavalry, consisting of -J.L'C-J .. nicer- and 

 men ; 350 but I cries of field art illt-ry, with L" 

 fleers and 00, 787 men ; 44 companies of engineers, 

 with 772 officers and ^,r>M men; 18 battalions 

 and 84 parks of miliiary equipages with j-j^ 

 ollicers and 7,25-1 men: 125 battalions and 88 

 batteries of reserve troops, having l.'J'J-'t "flieers 

 and 70,280 men; 28 infantry battalion 

 battalions of foot artillery, and five ifegt bat- 

 teries of fortress troops, with 1.7-1..' officers and 

 40,501 men: 56 squadrons and 2 bjittei 

 depot troops, with 202 officers and 4.K!i; met: ; 

 Ci battalions of Cossack infantry, numlx-ring 

 150 officers and 4,950 men ; 11 iqtuuiKMM and 

 275sotniasof Cossack cavalry, numbering 1.JM2 

 officers and 44,712 men ; 20 batteries of ( 

 horse artillery, having 100 officers and :',.:', -in 

 men; and 28 sotnias of Caucasus militia, num- 

 bering 71 officers and 3,858 men. The total 

 strength is 30,561 officers and 787.372 men, or 

 818,033 combatants, with 155,537 horses. The 

 war effective, not counting the territorial army 

 and the Cossack troops of national defence. jX 

 40,739 officers and 2,371,007 men, a total of 

 2.420,746, with 835,863 horses. 



The Nayy. The Baltic fleet in 1891 com- 

 prised 37 armored vessels, including 8 of 11,- 

 000, 8,800, and 6,590 tons, not yet completed ; 

 32 unarmored fighting ships; 51 other steam- 

 ers, and 114 torpedo boats. In the Black Sea 

 the naval force consisted of 8 armored vessels, 

 including 1 in course of construction, 21 un- 

 armored vessels, 12 unarmed steamers and 80 

 steam sloops, and 25 torpedo boats, making in 

 all 102 vessels, exclusive of the volunteer fleet 

 of Odessa. In the Caspian, 8 armed steamers 

 and 7 others are maintained, and in Siberia there 

 are 34 vessels, including 19 gunboats and 8 tor- 

 pedo boats. On Oct. 20, 1891, three new iron- 

 clads were launched at St. Petersburg. One is 

 the " Navarin," a barbette battle-ship of 9,470 tons 

 displacement, propelled by twin screws of ft.OOO 

 horse-power, having a partial belt of 16-inch 

 armor, and intended to mount two 52-ton guns 

 in each barbette, besides eight 0-inch and ten 

 quick-firing guns, and to be fitted with tor- 

 pedo tubes. The other two are belted gun TCS- 

 sels of 1,500 tons, to be armed each with one 

 9-inch, one 6-inch, and eight quick-firing guns, 

 and with two torpedo-discharging tubes. 



Commerce. The value of the imports from 

 European countries in 1890 was 361.400.000 

 rubles, not ir'-luding precious metals ; fn in Kin- 

 land, 13,400,000 rubles; from A-ia. 

 ruliles. The exports of merchandise to Euro- 

 pean countries were 010,400.000 rubles in value; 

 to Finland, 16.700,000 ruble.-: to A-iatic coun- 

 tries. 70,800,000 rubles. The total value of im- 

 ports was 410,0(59.000 rubles, of which Germany 

 furnished 114.035,000; Great Britain, 92.1W5.000; 

 the Tnited States. 58.893.000; China, 29.060,000; 

 Austria-IIungary.'17.802,000; France, 17,254,000; 



