780 



RUSSIA. 



Persia, 11,632,000; Italy, 9,153,000; Turkey, 

 7,961,000 : Belgium, 7,085,000 ; Sweden and Nor- 

 way, 6,436,000; and the Netherlands, 4,858,000 

 rubles, about 44,000,000 rubles coming from 

 Eoumania, Denmark, Greece, and all other 

 countries. The total value of the merchandise 

 exports was 703,937,000 rubles, of which Great 

 Britain took 203,663,000 : Germany, 177,940,000 ; 

 France, 48,366.000; Holland, 43,538.000; Italy, 

 30,338,000; Austria-Hungary, 30,245,000; Bel- 

 gium, 27,388,000; Turkey, 16,772,000; Sweden 

 and Norway, 12,650,000; Persia, 10,927,000; 

 Denmark, 8,322,000; Greece, 8,303,000; Eou- 

 mania, 7,192,000 ; China, 1,189,000 ; the United 

 States, 927,000; and all other countries, 76,177,- 

 000 rubles. The imports and exports through 

 the Eussian ports of the Baltic were 171,400,000 

 and 179,100,000 rubles respectively; across the 

 Finland frontier, 13,400,000 and 161,700,000 

 rubles ; across the European land frontiers of 

 Eussia, 135,200,000 and 165,800,000 rubles; by 

 the Black Sea ports, 53,800.000 and 259,800,000 

 rubles : by the White Sea ports, 1,000,000 and 

 5,700,000 "rubles ; across the Asiatic frontiers, 

 41,300,000 and 76,800,000 rubles. The chief im- 

 ports by way of the European frontiers were 

 textiles of the value of 119,468,000 rubles; metal 

 wares and machinery, 35,028,000 ; raw metals, 

 26,498,000 rubles; tea and coffee, 24,358,000 

 rubles ; dyeing materials, etc., 14,590,000 rabies ; 

 coal, 12,454,000 rubles ; hides, skins, and fur 

 skins, 11,281,000 rubles ; apparel and trimmings, 

 8,954,000 rubles; alcoholic beverages, 8,988,000 

 rubles. The chief exports by the way of the 

 European frontiers were cereals of the value of 

 308,622,000 rubles ; textile materials and manu- 

 factures, 93,738.000 rubles; lumber, 53,024,000 

 rubles; linseed, 45,119,000 rubles ; animals, 10,832,- 

 000 rubles ; hides, skins, and peltry, 10,697,000 

 rubles ; bristles, 10,477,000 rubles ; sugar, 

 6,727,000 rubles: alcoholic beverages, 6,070,000 

 rubles; petroleum and naphtha, 4,129,000 rubles ; 

 metals, 2,231,000 rubles. The chief imports 

 from Asia were tea of the value of 16,154,000 

 rubles, fruits and legumes for 3,554,000 rubles, 

 textile' materials for 2,325,000 rubles, and tissues 

 for 2,433,000 rubles. The exports to Asia con- 

 sisted of cereals for 25,311,000 rubles, tissues for 

 4,332,000 rubles, textile materials for 3,041,000 

 rubles, and a great variety of other merchandise. 

 The imports of precious metals from Europe 

 were 20,663,000 rubles, and from Asia 2,464,000 

 rubles, while the exports to Europe were 17,832,- 

 000 rubles, and to Asia 3,096,000 rubles. 



Navigation. At the ports of the Baltic in 

 1889 there were 3,541 vessels entered with car- 

 goes and 2,790 in ballast, while 5,660 were cleared 

 with cargoes and 586 in ballast. In the White Sea 

 ports 311 were entered and 623 cleared with 

 cargoes, and 320 entered and 2 cleared in ballast. 

 In the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov 1,752 were 

 entered with cargoes and 4,757 cleared, while 

 3,876 were entered in ballast and 913 cleared. 

 In the Caspian Sea 792 were entered and 684 

 cleared with cargoes, and 139 entered and 251 

 cleared in ballast. Of 13,521 vessels, the total 

 number entered at all the ports, 9,465 were 

 steamers, and of 13,476 vessels cleared, 9,457 

 were steamers. Of the vessels entered, 2,415 

 were Eussian, 4,174 English, 1.720 German. 1,479 

 Swedish and Norwegian, 895 Danish, 740 Turk- 



ish, 642 Austrian, and 146 Dutch, etc. The mer- 

 chant marine in 1887 numbered 2,614 vessels pro- 

 pelled by sails, of 361.572 tons, and 357 steam 

 vessels, of 130,458 tons. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The 

 Eussian network of railroads on Sept. 1, 1890, 

 had a total length of 26,554 versts or 28,327 

 kilometres, not including the railroads of Fin- 

 land or the trans-Caspian line of 1,433 kilo- 

 metres. 



The post-office in 1889 forwarded in the in- 

 ternal service 163,500,000 letters, 19,307,000 

 postal cards, 21,708,000 pieces of printed matter, 

 and 12,081,000 money letters of the declared 

 value of 15,496.332,000 francs. In the interna- 

 tional service the number of letters was 24,3 16,- 

 000 ; of postal cards, 3,725,000 ; of printed in- 

 closures, 10,039,000. The receipts were 79,773,- 

 924 francs, and the expenses, including those of 

 the telegraph service, were 97,313,972 francs., 

 The receipts from telegraphs were 40,551,108 

 francs. Ihe state telegraph lines had a total 

 length of 115,900 kilometres, with 224,093 kilo- 

 metres of wire. The number of domestic dis- 

 patches was 8,876,254; of international dis- 

 patches, 689,477 sent, 730,925 received, and 146,- 

 872 in transit ; of official dispatches, 628,054. 



Finland. The Grand Duchy of Finland is a 

 constitutional monarchy which was united with 

 Eussia under the same sovereign in 1809. The 

 Constitution of 1772 and 1789 was confirmed by 

 Alexander I in a manifesto issued on March 2V. 

 1809, and subsequently on Dec. 24, 1825, March 

 3, 1855, and March 14, 1881, in the proclamations 

 of Nicholas I, Alexander II, and Alexander III. 

 In the National Assembly the four estates of the 

 nobility, the clergy, the peasantry, and the towns 

 are represented. The Governor-General and 

 commander-in-chief of the military forces is 

 Count T. Heyden. The population on Dec. 31, 

 1889, was 2,338,404, of which number 1,152,111 

 were males and 1,186,293 females. Helsingfors, 

 the capital, had 65,535 inhabitants. The num- 

 ber of marriages in 1889 was 16,099 ; of births, 

 77,881 ; of deaths, 45,679 ; excess of births, 32,202. 

 The receipts of the Government in 1891 were 

 estimated in the budget at 55,603,138 Finland 

 marks, the value of the mark being the same as 

 that of the French franc. The clergy, superior 

 judges, and certain civil officials collect their pay 

 directly without the intervention of the treas- 

 ury. The debt on Jan. 1, 1891, amounted to 

 82,129,697 marks. The value of the external 

 commerce in 1890 was 140,600,000 marks for 

 imports and 92,400,000 marks for exports. Of 

 the imports, 47,300,000 marks came from Eussia. 

 44,800,000 marks from Germany, 23.000,000 

 marks from Great Britain, and 12,300,000 marks 

 from Sweden and Norway. Of the exports, 36,- 

 400.000 marks went to Eussia, 17,700.000 marks 

 to Great Britain, 11,000,000 marks to Denmark, 

 7,300,000 marks to Sweden and Norway, and 6,- 

 000,000 marks to Germany. Chief among the 

 imports were cereals of the value of 20,800,000 

 marks, coffee of the value of 12,500,000 marks, 

 iron goods of the value of 9,700,000 marks, and 

 next in order woolen goods, cottons, sugar, and 

 machinery. The principal exports were lumber 

 of the value of 36,400,000 marks, butter of the 

 value of 13,600,000 marks, and paper of the value 

 of 8,600,000 marks. The railroads, on Sept. 1, 



