SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 



807 



Johan Gustaf Nils Samuel Akerhjclm, Mini-t.T 

 of Slate; ('omit Carl Lewenhanpt, Minister of 

 ii A (fair*; August Ontergren. Minister of 

 Justice; Han. n Nils Axel lljalmar I'almMieriia, 

 Minister of War ; Haroii Carl (iiistnf von otter, 

 Minister of Marine; Victor l^nnart (iroll, Mm- 

 i-ii-rof (hi! Interior ; liarnn Fredrik von Eaten, 

 Minister of Finance; Gunuar Wennerburg, .Mm- 

 i^t.T of Education and F.ccle.*iu.*tical Affairs; 

 llnron Allx-rt I^irs Kvert Akerhielm ; Sven Her- 

 man Wikblad. 



Area and Population. With an area of 

 1 ?<).!)?!> square miles, Sweden has a population, 

 according t the preliminary results of the cen- 

 sus of Dec. :n, 1890, of 4,784,675 individuals, of 

 whom 2,:{17,105 are of the male and 2,467,570 of 

 the female sex. The marriages in 1866 numbered 

 -; births, i:j.V>Ni : deaths, 79,041; surplus 

 of births, 00,945. The emigrants in 1889 num- 

 I ic ivd :;.:;:;i;. and the immigrants 5,504. There 

 are 16,!)7i Finns, 6,404 Lapps, and about 18,000 

 Norwegians, I>ancs, (iermans, and other foreign- 

 ers. The chief cities are Stockholm, having 246.- 

 154 inhabitants in 1890; GSteborg, with 104,657; 

 Malmo, with 48,504 ; and NorrkOping, with 32.- 

 826. Elementary education is universal. The 

 University of Upsala had 1,791 students and the 

 University of Lund 855 in 1889, and there were 

 14,062 pupils in the public high schools, 872 in 

 people's high schools, 907 in normal schools, 459 

 in technical schools, and in 1888 there were 685,- 

 212 in the public elementary schools. 



Finances. The budget for 1892 makes the 

 total receipts from the ordinary sources of reve- 

 nue that is, from the land tax, personal tax, 

 navigation dues, domains, forests, railroads, tele- 

 graphs, etc. 20,490,000 kroner (the Swedish 

 krona or Norwegian krone is worth 27$ cents). 

 The extraordinary receipts were estimated at 

 68,780,000 kronor, 38,000,000 kroner being set 

 down for customs, 7,700,000 for postal receipts, 

 3.600,000 for stamps. 13,700,000 for the revenue 

 from the spirit tax. 1.600,000 for receipts of the 

 duties on beets, 3.800,000 for the income tax, and 

 380,000 for miscellaneous receipts. With a bal- 

 ance of 5,887,000 kronor carried over from the 

 previous year and 1.850,000 kronor earned by the 

 state bank, the total amount available is 97,007,- 

 000 kronor. The total expenditure, including 

 69.101,311 kronor of ordinary expenses, 16,406,- 

 389 kronor of extraordinary outlay, 10,495.000 

 kronor for interest and amortization of the debt, 

 250.000 kronor reserved for the construct ion of a 

 hall for the Legislature, 100,000 kronor reserved 

 for a working-men's accident insurance fund, is 

 made to balance the estimate of receipts by car- 

 rying 654.300 kronor to floating capital. The or- 

 dinary expenditure on the army is 20,670,000 

 kronor ; on the navy, 6.258,690 kronor ; extraor- 

 dinary expenditure on the army and navy, 4.315.- 

 910 kronor; expenditure on education and re- 

 ligion, 12,335,282 kronor; pensions, 2.915,550 

 kronor; cost of administration of the customs, 

 post-office, excise, telegraphs, and forests, 16,- 

 340,066 kronor; civil list. 1,320.000 kronor ; ex- 

 penses of the judiciary, 3,854,107 kronor ; expenses 

 of diplomatic relations, 606,750 kronor; expenses 

 of the Interior Department, 4.800.866 kronor; 

 extraordinary expenditures, 12,090.479 kronor. 



The public debt comprises an internal loan. 

 paying 3-6 per cent, interest, raised in 1887, of 



which 1H.H90.500 kronor were ouMnnding on 

 Jan. 1, 1891, an<i '<! kronor l-,ir. . 



(real Jiritain, I i < rinnn\. of 



10,<HW,432 kronor raiM-d in 1M7M Mini 111.078,000 

 kronor raised in ]M*0 juty 4 per cent., 49.623,888 

 kronor remaining from tin- loan of JKNfJand 85,- 

 555.556 kronor borrowed m 1K) |y :: ; 

 and L'6.666,667 kronor were rained at 8 per cent. 

 in 1888. 



The Army and Na?jr. The larger |*rt of 

 the army consists of the Imlrltn or <m, 

 troop*, which are rai-ed and maintained by rural 

 proprietors in virtue of contract* made with 

 them by the (iovernmcnt. During th- 

 which usual! v begins at tin- age of twenty, tl.e 

 recruits are kept with the colors one hundnd 

 and twenty days, cxcent the cavalrymen, who are 

 trained for two hundred and twt'nty dav*. In 

 the second year the soldiers arc required to ex- 

 ercise seventy-two days, and in the succeeding 

 four years twenty-two days. The life guard*. 

 the engineers and train, the artillery, and bodies 

 of hussars and chasseurs consist of i-nl isted troop*, 

 called the Vdrfvade, who are engaged for terms 

 of active service varying from two to six yean. 

 Under the conscript ion law of Jan. 1, 1887, every 

 Swede is enrolled for six years in the Ber&r- 

 ung and six years in the Londstorm, and during 

 the first two years is drilled for a total period 

 of forty-two days. The strength of the regular 

 army i'n 1891 was 2,086 officers, 521 employes. 

 1.688 under officers, 1,593 musicians, and 33,788 

 privates, making 39,671 men, with 6,249 horses. 

 The Bevdrung numbered 134,717 of all ranks. 

 and the Landstorm 159.763, making a total war 

 effective of 334,151 men. 



The Swedish navy in 1891 comprised 2 first- 

 class, 4 second-class", and 10 third-class armor- 

 clad gun-vessels, J5 sloop gunboats, 1 small 

 cruiser. 6 first-class and 9 second-class torpedo 

 boats, two school ships. 1 frigate, 3 corvettes, ami 



3 trans|K>rts. Itcsidcs 2 Mufalff corvettes and 4 

 brigs. The armament comprised 148 guns and 

 154 machine guns. The crews nnmU-n-i: 

 men. The most powerful ship is the "Sven." 

 completed in 1886, a central citadel ironclad of 

 2.'.<H) tons displacem-nt. plated with lx> inches of 

 annor over the vulnerable parts, and carrying a 

 couple of 32-ton breech-loaders in her turret and 



4 6-inch guns on the upper deck. 

 Commerce. The total value of imjMut* in 



1889 was 376.964,000 kronor, against JJ-JLT 1 

 kronor in 1888 and 297.4 HUNK) kronor in 



The value of the exports was :i01.72.".(KX) kn-nor. 

 acainst 881,758,000 kronor in 1888 and 2-1- 

 000 kronor in iss?. of the export* for 1S*9. tin- 

 value of 1.448,000 kronor went to the I 

 Slates. Of the value of the imports. 115.503.- 

 000 kronor were from Germany. 110^810.000 kron- 

 or from Great liritain. 4.V,'"H.MHi kronor fr..m 

 Denmark. 34311.<KH> kronor from Norway, 20.- 

 ro.(HM) kronor from Russia, P..M.W.OOO kronor 

 from I lei gi n m. S.960.000 kronor from the Neth- 

 erlands. T.tU5i.(HH) kronor from Fnuut>. . r ).!N'4.(Mi 

 kronor from the Tinted State*. :>.M.\(IOO kronor 

 from Finland. :5.<>r>M.(KK) kronor from - 

 Asia, and i;.r,ss,(KH) kronor from other count rie*. 

 The imports of article of consumption werv val- 

 ued at 119.000.000 kronor. including 29.300,001 

 kronor for cereals. :>( 1.800.000 kronor foroolonia 

 goods, 15,800,000 kronor for animals and animal 



