UNITED STATES. 



an countries excepting Chili, Colombia, 

 lla\ti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, 

 ami with Kuropcan countries with the exception 

 of Austria-Hungary, and of Spain in re-pcei in 

 tin- Philippine l>lainls. For countries that do 

 Mot amend tin- duties that arc considered by tin; 



..nl t<> In- n-ciprocally unequal and un- 

 reasonable before March l."i, IS'.rJ, raw sugar im- 



i from them is snlijcct to n duty of ^ cent 

 n p<uind, sugar under 16 and above 1:5 |)utch 

 standard to 1;J cent, sugar above 10 and under 

 J(> to I} cent, sugar alwvo 20 to 2 cents, mo- 

 to 4 cents a Ballon, coffee to 3 cents a 

 jiound, tea to 10 cents a pound, and hides to 1$ 

 cent a pound. In the reciprocity agreement 

 with (icriiuiny the reductions of duty conceded 

 in the new commercial treaties between Ger- 

 many and the Austro-IIungarian monarchy and 

 Switzerland are extended to the United States 

 also, chief of which are reductions of 30 per cent, 

 on wheat and rye, 557A per cent, on oats, 11 per 

 cent, on barley, and 20 ner cent, on Indian corn, 

 one of 80 per cent, on hogs, 15 per cent, lower 

 duties on butter and fresh pork, and reductions 

 on mill products and on lumber and timber, the 

 latter of from 1GJ to 25 per cent. 



The New Orleans Affair. On Oct. 15, 1890, 

 David C. Hennessy, chief of the New Orleans 

 police force, was shot near his own door at night 

 and died without being able to say anything 

 more than that " Dagos had shot him. Many 

 murders and assaults had been committed by 

 Italians upon each other in New Orleans, and in 

 most cases the perpetrators had escaped detec- 

 tion. Chief Hennessy had been instrumental in 

 the extradition of Esposito, a fugitive Italian 

 bandit, and had more recently been active in 

 arresting and finding evidence against six mem- 

 bers of a gang of Italian longshoremen called 

 the Provenzanos, who were awaiting their final 

 trial on the charge of firing from an ambush on 

 n party of Matrangas, another band who were 

 their rivals in the business of unloading fruit 

 steamers. The murder of the police oflicer 

 caused intense excitement. The working people 

 were hostile to the Italians, who were their com- 

 petitors in various trades, and all classes were, 

 shocked by their many crimes of violence. This 

 last murder confirmed the popular belief that 

 there was a " Mafia " or oath-bound society for 

 assassination. On Nov. 20 the Grand Jury re- 

 turned an indictment of murder against eleven 

 persons, and eight were indicted as accessories 

 before the fact. The acquittal of the Provenza- 

 nos who were tried for shooting the Matrangas, 

 strengthened the general belief that it was im- 

 possible to convict. Sicilians, because they wen- 

 bound by oaths to save each other by perjured 

 testimony. The District-Attorney, on Feb. 0, 

 1891, arraigned six of the persons indicted for 

 the murder of Hennessy and three of those 

 indicted as accessories. A jury was select ed 

 from among 1,375 persons, and after a trial dur- 

 ing which <i? witnesses appeared for the State 

 and 84 for the defense, a verdict of acquittal was 

 rendered in the cases of six of the accused, two 

 of whom the judge had directed the jury to 

 acquit, and in the other three cases a mistrial 

 was entered. The verdict was denounced as 

 contrary to the evidence, and the jurors were 

 generally believed to have been bribed, a private 

 VOL. xxxi. 53 A 



detective, D. C. O'Malley, being impeded * th 



of the "Mafia" employed to lix tin: jury. 

 embers of a committee of 60 appointed 



(i|M-ratu with tin- million!. 



bringing to punishment the aMatutiiiH f H.I, 



did much to stimulate the |Mipulur f 

 and on March 14 some of them led a mob 

 broke into the parish jail und lynched the . 

 Sicilians confined then . including those who had 



been acquitted. On the day of the miUMCro 

 Huron 1-ava, Italian minister lit Washington, 

 on cabled instructions from tl.e Manjuu di 

 Kiidini, delivered a written forn.al piotest to 

 Mr. Blainc, who expressed horror at the 

 rence. Secretary I'daine telegraphed (., 

 Nichols of Louisiana, urging tha the violator* 

 of the law should be brought to justice. The 

 Governor in his answer justified the den! 

 March 16 Baron Fava had an intenii-w with the 

 Secretary of State, who, in reply to his n i 

 protest against the inaction of 'the local author 

 Hies, reminded him that the officers of the 

 Federal Government had no constitutional [tower 

 of interference with the administration of jus- 

 tice in any State, and could do no more than 

 entertain a claim for indemnity. The Italian 

 Premier, who, in his first cablegrams had directed 

 Iiaron Kava to denounce the grave deed to the 

 Government and urge repressive and pn>:. 

 measures, and to protest formally should there, 

 be any hesitation, while he reserved for himself 

 the right of asking for proper satisfaction, on 

 receiving a dispatch from Consul Corte ii 

 Orleans saying that the murderers would be 

 handed over to the judicial authorities, tele- 

 graphed, on March 19, that it was indispensable 

 that the United States Government should 

 inform him of such action, and instructed 

 Minister Fava to present a demand for indem- 

 nity, adding that simple declarations, though 

 cordial and friendly, can not prove as sufficient a 

 satisfaction as can be shown in positive and con- 

 crete facts. The claims for indemnity advanced 

 by the Italian Government covered the cases of 

 three of the murdered Sicilians, who were Italian 

 subjects, the others having been proved to 

 bo naturalized American citi/ ; one 



other whose Italian citizenship was alleged 

 subsequently. Secretary Blaine asked to have 

 particulars given regarding the families of these 

 three. A letter from Consul Corte to Minister 

 Fava confirmed the impression felt in Italy 

 that the local authorities had bten very negli- 

 gent. Consul Corte said that there were bad 

 men among the Italians who wen- lynched, but 

 that many of the charges made against them 

 were without foundation. The lynching was 

 foretold and could have been prevented by the 

 reino\al of the prisoners when a violent anti- 

 Italian demonstration occurred on the evening 

 before, or even if the authorities had ortlervd the 

 lynchers to dispers- when they assembled armed 

 with Winchester rifles. II,- inferred that the 

 authorities consent, -d to the nwswiore. if they 

 did not instigate it. When he lean! of the 

 meeting of the lynchers he could not find the 

 Mayor, without whose authority, the 

 (ieneral and the Deputy Sheriff of the prison 

 told him. nothing could bo done. He found 

 (Jov. Nichols with the commandant of the 

 troops, and when he requested that military or 



