ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 



ARCHAEOLOGY. (AMERJ<-AN.) 



who would harmonize the party. The Radical 

 element was not disposed to fall in \\ith the 

 Roea-Mitre coalition. A cry was raised again-t 

 their financial conservatism and their desire to 

 please the foreign creditors and the Knglish in- 

 votors mid speetdators, or perhaps to join with 

 them in drawing proiits out of the land. Dr. 

 Alem was the head of tho new patriotic move- 

 ment, and I>r. Yrigoyen was put up as the Radi- 

 cal candidate for President. The contest was 

 carried on with bitterness for sonic months, ami. 

 just as before, a considerable section of the mili- 

 tary were on the side of the Radicals, who were 

 unable to cope with the political organization of 

 their opponents, and placed their hopes in popu- 

 lar demonstrations, or, as the last resort, in in- 

 surrection. Dr. Saenz Pefia wat> placed in nom- 

 ination on March 6, 1892. In his speech of 

 acceptance he promised to give the minority a 

 fair representation in the Administration ; to 

 propose a reform of the electoral laws, and to 

 punish electoral frauds; to preserve the auton- 

 omy of the provinces; to foster desirable immi- 

 gration ana concede land to colonists, while 

 putting an end to the purchase of tracts in the 

 country by speculators ; to create a Council of 

 State to assist the Executive, like that, in Chili ; 

 to advocate the establishment of the right of 

 habeas corpus; to reorganize the army and navy, 

 and to cultivate international friendships, espe- 

 cially with the United States and other Ameri- 

 can nations. The reciprocity proposals of the 

 United States Government were rejected about 

 this time by the Argentine Government. The 

 Radicals, as soon as they began to agitate 

 ngainst the coalition candidate, were met by re- 

 pressive measures. Their meetings were broken 

 up, and some active men were arrested. They 

 prepared for a violent conflict such as had oc- 

 curred many times in the past electoral contests 

 in Argentina. On April 2, the eve of the day 

 set for a great Radical mass meeting in Buenos 

 Ay res, the authorities scented, or pretended to 

 have discovered, a gigantic conspiracy not only 

 to start an insurrection, but to murder the 

 President and Gens. Roca and Mitre, and 

 proclaim Dr. Alem Dictator. All the troops 

 were gathered in the central part of the city. 



A state of siege was proclaimed, the troops were 

 confined to the camps of Zarate and Maldonado, 

 the sentinels were doubled, the officers were for- 

 bidden to pass the lines, the guns were kept 

 ready horsed, and for two successive nights the 

 Minister of War slept in camp. In the early 

 morning of April 3 Dr. Alem, Gen. Garcia, and 

 the. rest of the Radical leaders, civil and mili- 

 tary, were arrested and taken on board a man- 

 of-war. The Government issued a proclamation 

 charging them with plotting the wholesale de- 

 struction of the chief of the republic, the lead- 

 ers of the army, and prominent citizens, by means 

 of dynamite, and claiming to have discovered a 

 great number of explosive bombs in a Radical 

 club, as well as cloaks and canes by which the 

 conspirators were to recognize each other, and 

 documents implicating Dr. Alem and others, and 

 unfolding the details of the plot. Many Radical 

 chiefs who escaped arrest fled to Montevideo, and 

 others were banished to that city by order of a 

 court of justice. The prisoners were held in 

 custody till after the popular election of the 



presidential electors on April 10. The Radicals 

 abstained generally from voting, and conse- 

 quently Dr. Saenz Pefia was di-chired the choice 

 of the people by a great majority. Most of the 

 prisoners wen- then released, yet Dr. Alem was 

 still held, in spite of an order for his release that 

 was obtained from the Federal court. In the 

 provinces, likewise. Radical clubs were shut up, 

 some arrests were made, and on election day no 

 opposition was made- to the return of the coali- 

 tion candidate, who had the united support of 

 the Catholic conservative element, the National- 

 ist party, and the greater part of the Union Ci- 

 vica. On the meeting of Congress President Pel- 

 legrini received an act of immunity justifying 

 his proceedings. Dr. Alem was finally released 

 without a trial, after many weeks of detention. 

 The casting of the electoral votes took place on 

 June 12. By an almost unanimous vote Luis 

 Saenz Pefia was elected President and Sefior Uri- 

 bmu Vice- President for the term beginning Oct. 

 12, 1892. The banished Radicals refused to re- 

 turn from Montevideo unless the state of siege 

 was terminated, and in the beginning of July it 

 was ended by proclamation. Riotous demon- 

 strations against Pefia took place in August in 

 the streets of Buenos Ayres, and the tumults 

 recurred until after his inauguration. 



ARCHAEOLOGY. American. Civilization 

 of the Ohio Mound-Builders. Warren K. 

 Moorehead, in his book on " Primitive Man in 

 Ohio." presents the results of four seasons' ex- 

 ploration of ancient remains in that State. He 

 draws the conclusions that the tribes did not 

 occupy the northern parts of the State for any 

 considerable length of time, but were settled 

 chiefly in the larger river valleys; that both the 

 brachycephalic and the dolicocephalic races 

 mingled largely in all the valleys save the iMusk- 

 ingum ; and that nothing more than the upper 

 status of savagery was attained by any race or 

 tribe living in the present State of Ohio. If the 

 field testimony alone is considered, primitive 

 man can be accredited with high attainments in 

 only a few things, "and these indicating neither 

 civilization nor an approach to it. First, he 

 excelled in building fortifications and in the 

 interment of his dead ; second, he made surpris- 

 ingly long journeys for DUG** copper, lead, shells, 

 and other foreign substances, to be used as tools 

 and ornaments; third, he was an adept in the 

 chase and in war; fourth, he chipped flint and 

 made carvings on bone, stone, and slate exceed- 

 ingly well when we consider the primitive tools 

 he employed: iifth, a few of the more skillful 

 men of his tribe made fairly good representa- 

 tions of animals, birds, and human figures in 

 stone. . . . On the other hand, he failed to grasp 

 the idea of communication by written charac- 

 ters, the use of metal (except in the cold state), 

 the cutting of stone, or the making of brick for 

 building purposes, and the construction of per- 

 manent homes. Ideas of transportation other 

 than upon his own back or in frail canoes, or the 

 use of coal, which was so abundant about him, 

 and which he frequently made into pendants and 

 ornaments, and a thousand other things which 

 civilijsed beings enjoy, were utterly beyond his 

 comprehension." 



Age of the Central American Monuments. 

 From his studies of the monuments of Central 



