228 



DENMARK. 



9,671,200 kroner the yield of the direct taxes, 

 4,305,470 kroner interest on assets of the Gov- 

 ernment, 1,352,680 kroner receipts from prop- 

 erty and sinking fund, 1,025,000 kroner profits 

 of public lotteries, 856,400 kroner profits of do- 

 mains, 63,556 kroner revenue from the Faroe Is- 

 lands, and 660,791 kroner various other receipts. 

 The total expenditure was estimated at 58,578,- 

 341 kroner, of which 10,767,167 kroner are set 

 down for the Ministry of War, 6,802,809 kroner 

 for the Ministry of Marine, 6,795,680 kroner for 

 interest and expenses of the state debt, 4,681,- 

 578 kroner for the Ministry of the Interior, 

 3,874,794 kroner for the Ministry of Justice, 

 3,463,464 kroner for the Ministry of Public 

 Instruction and Ecclesiastical Affairs, 3,414,390 

 kroner for pensions and the military invalid 

 fund, 3,339,395 kroner for the Ministry of Pi- 

 nance, 1,155,200 kroner for the civil list and ap- 

 panages, 393,364 kroner for the Ministry of For- 

 eign Affairs, 306,616 kroner for the Rigsdag and 

 Council of State, 92,164 kroner for Iceland, 3,- 

 876,116 kroner for improvement of the state 

 property and reduction of the debt, and 9,615,- 

 (502 kroner for extraordinary state expenditure. 

 The reserve fund, which is kept to enable the 

 Government to meet any emergency, amounted 

 on March 31, 1890, to 17,828,139 kroner. 



The public debt, which is in part the result of 

 large annual deficits that occurred previous to 

 the establishment of the parliamentary system, 

 and in part consists of borrowings for the con- 

 struction of railroads, docks, lighthouses, etc., 

 amounted on March 31, 1890, to 188,148,541 

 kroner. The foreign debt, which pays 4 per 

 cent., was only 10,605,700 kroner. On the in- 

 ternal debt the rate of interest is 3| per cent. 

 The expense of the debt in 1889-'90 was 9,696,- 

 158 kroner. The net interest charge per capita 

 is only about 68 cents a year. The assets of the 

 state, inchiding the reserve fund, amount to 60,- 

 000,000 kroner. 



The Army. All able-bodied young men are 

 liable for service in the regular army and the 

 reserve from the age of twenty-two to the age of 

 thirty, and for the following eight years in the 

 extra reserve. The recruits are trained for six 

 months in tne infantry, five months in the field 

 artillery and engineers, nine and a half months 

 in the cavalry, and four months in the fortress 

 artillery and technical branches. Those who 

 fall below a certain standard of proficiency are 

 compelled to drill for a second and longer pe- 

 riod, which for the infantry is nine months. 

 Besides the preliminary training there is an an- 

 nual drill lasting from a month to six weeks. 

 The army consists of 2 divisions, ore of 2 and 

 the other of 3 brigades, each brigade containing 

 2 battalions. The whole army comprises 31 bat- 

 talions of infantry ; 5 regiments ef cavalry, each 

 with 3 active squadrons ; 2 regiments of artillery, 

 consisting of 12 batteries, with 4 more in re- 

 serve; 2 battalions of foot artillery, consisting of 

 6 companies, with 5 in reserve ; and 1 regiment 

 of engineers. The strength of the army on the 

 war footing was 1,200 officers and 41,750 men in 

 1891. There is, also, the Citizen Corps, bring- 

 ing the fighting strength up to nearly 60,000, 

 besides an extra reserve of 16,500 officers and 

 men available for great emergencies. When, 

 some years ago, the Radicals refused to allow 



any expenditure for the fortification of Copen- 

 hagen, the Government sanctioned an appeal to 

 public generosity, and large sums were sub- 

 scribed and expended upon the construction of a 

 fort on the Gardenhoehe, commanding the ap- 

 proaches to the harbor of the capital. This fort, 

 completed early in the summer of 1892, was 

 handed over to Col. Bahnsen, the Minister of 

 War, on Aug. 27, 1892. 



The Navy. The Danish naval forces in 1891 

 comprised 1 ironclad battle ship, 8 armored ves- 

 sels for coast defense, 3 deck-protected cruisers, 

 1 torpedo ship, 4 seagoing torpedo boats, 5 first- 

 class and 10 second-class torpedo boats, 20 un- 

 armored vessels of various kinds, and 20 trans- 

 ports. The most powerful vessel is the " Helgo- 

 land," having a belt of 12-inch armor, displacing 

 5,300 tons of water, and carrying a 36-ton gun 

 in a central battery, besides 4 22-ton guns. The 

 turret ship " Iver Hvitfeldt," built in 1886, has 

 \\\ inches of armor, and carries 2 28-ton guns. 

 The "Valkyrie," a cruiser having a speed of 17- 

 knots, is protected by 2i inches of steel on the 

 sloping deck, and armed with 2 13^-ton and 6 

 4-ton guns. 



Commerce and Production. The land laws 

 of Denmark encourage the division of large es- 

 tates into single farms, and positively forbid the 

 consolidation of small properties to form large 

 estates. Tenant fanners have full control and 

 permanent tenure of the land so long as they 

 pay the rent. Four fifths of the area of the 

 country is productive, and one sixth of the re- 

 mainder consists of peat bogs. The value of the 

 agricultural produce in 1889 was 274,396,459 

 kroner. During 1890 there were exported 16,217 

 horses, 139,522 cattle, 72,171 sheep and goats, 

 and 111,028 pigs. The distilleries in 1890 pro- 

 duced 6,544,780 gallons of spirits, and the beet- 

 sugar factories turned out 22,282 tons of sugar. 



The value of the imports in 1890 was 307,031,- 

 194 kroner, against 304,327,851 kroner in 1889; 

 the value of the exports was 233,837,937 kroner, 

 against 209,319,456. The imports of articles of 

 food in 1890 were 110,300.000 kroner; of manu- 

 factured articles, 68,400,000 kroner ; of raw ma- 

 terials, 106,200,000 kroner; of machinery and 

 other means of production, 22,100.000 kroner. 

 Of the total value of exports, 179,500,000 kroner 

 stand for foods, 12,000,000 kroner for manufac- 

 tures, 28,400,000 kroner for raw materials, and 

 13,900.000 kroner for means of production. The 

 imports of colonial goods in 1890 were 25,570,- 

 582 kroner, against 28,897,203 in 1889 ; of drinks, 

 4,224,100 kroner, against 4,170,407; of textile 

 manufactures, 38,483,498 kroner, against 38,1 16,- 

 178 ; of metal goods, 28,795,142 kroner, against 

 27,215,892 ; of timber and wood manufactures, 

 18.741,076 kroner, against 15,902,105; of coal, 

 22,510,725 kroner, against 23,499,138 ; of animals, 

 5,355,738 kroner, against 4,712,863 ; of pork, lard, 

 butter, and eggs, 23,868,272 kroner, against 19,- 

 328,824; of cereals, 31,135,428 kroner, against 

 31,599,929. The exports of colonial goods were 

 7,103,152 kroner in 1890, against 9,227,450 in 

 1889; of drinks, 1,590,886 kroner, against 1,647,- 

 912 ; of textile manufactures, 4,947,643 kroner, 

 against 4,873,426 ; of metals and hardware, 5,139,- 

 271 kroner, against 3,361,587: of wood and manu- 

 factures thereof, 2.999,187 kroner, against 3,545,- 

 556 ; of coal, 2,235,225 kroner, against 2,360,121 ; 



