244 



EAST AFRICA. 



ECUADOR. 



themselves into bands and devastated the dis- 

 trict, but became quiet again on the arrival at 

 Kilossa of Lieut. Prince, one of Wissmann's 

 ablest men. 



Zanzibar. The islands of Zanzibar and 

 Pemba and the posts on the mainland, conquered 

 from the Portuguese and from native chiefs, were 

 subject to the sultans of Muscat, in Arabia, un- 

 til, when two sons of a deceased sultan quarreled 

 about the succession, the sultanate of Zanzibar 

 was awarded to one of them, and made inde- 

 pendent of Muscat, by the award of Lord Can- 

 ning, Governor-General of India, in 1861. In 

 1886, when Germany and Great Britain made 

 the first agreement delimiting their spheres of 

 influence in East Africa, they refused to recog- 

 nize the rights of the Sultan over the posts 

 and people that had been subject to him in the 

 interior, but conceded to him a strip 10 miles 

 broad, extending along the coast from Cape 

 Delgado to Kipini, on the Ozi river, and north 

 of Kipini they recognized his authority over the 

 points where he had garrisons, viz., Lamu, Kis- 

 mayu, Brava, Merka, Magadosho, and Warsheik. 

 In 1888 the two powers forced him to lease the 

 shores fronting their spheres, and when the final 

 delimitation was made, in 1890, Germany ac- 

 knowledged an English protectorate over the 

 islands remaining in the possession of the Sultan 

 of Zanzibar. This protectorate was instituted 

 in October, 1891, when a government was estab- 

 lished under British direction. Hugh Robertson 

 took charge of the revenue, Capt. Hatch of the 

 army and police, Capt. Hardinge of the harbor 

 and lighthouses, Bonanji of public works, and 

 Mahomed bin Saif of the treasury. 



The Sultan or Seyyid of Zanzibar is AH bin 

 Said bin Sultan, born in 1855, who succeeded 

 his brother, Seyyid Khalifa, in February, 1890. 

 The area of Zanzibar is 625 square miles, and of 

 Pemba 360 square miles. There are about 125,- 

 000 inhabitants on Zanzibar, and 40,000 on the 

 other island. Under the British administration 

 the Sultan is allowed a civil list of 3 lakhs of 

 rupees. A British officer commands the regular 

 army of 1,200 men and the police. The imports 

 of cotton goods in 1883 amounted to $230,000, 

 and of other manufactured goods to $420,000. 

 In 1890 the exports of East Africa to Great 

 Britain were valued at 443,185, and the im- 

 ports from Great Britain at 195,850. Of 145 

 vessels that in 1888 put in at Zanzibar, 56 were 

 British, 17 French, 10 German, 58 Zanzibari, 

 and 4 American. The total tonnage entered 

 for the year 1891 was 203,000. On Feb. 1, 

 Gerald Portal, the British agent and consul- 

 general, declared Zanzibar a free port, all duties 

 being removed, except those on ammunition and 

 spirits over 50. On March 19, Capt. Rogers, 

 with the company's forces, made an unsuccess- 

 ful attack on the Vitu people, who were after- 

 ward brought under subjection. A revolt in 

 Lamu was also suppressed by Mr. Portal with 

 two companies of marines from the gun vessel 

 " Philomel." 



Nyassalaml. In 1889 certain districts in the 

 Lake Nyassa region, where the African Lakes 

 Company had been at work for fifteen years, 

 were declared to be within the British sphere of 

 influence. In May, 1891, they were proclaimed 

 as being under the protectorate of Great Britain, 



with the following boundaries : On the east and 

 south by the Portuguese dominions, and on the 

 west by a line which starts in the south from 

 the intersection of the Portuguese dominions and 

 the boundary of the conventional free-trade 

 zone, and runs northward to the line of the 

 geographical Congo basin, which it follows to 

 the boundary between the German and British 

 spheres as defined in the agreement of July, 

 1890. The A frican Lakes Company has steamers 

 on Lake Nyassa and on the lower Shire between 

 Katunga and Quilimande, on the Chinde mouth 

 of the Zambezi, and has established 12 trading 

 stations. Mr. H. H. Johnston was appointed 

 by the British Government imperial commis- 

 sioner over the district, and has his head- 

 quarters at Zomba, in the Shire Highlands. He 

 has equipped a small native police force, estab- 

 lished postal communications, and opened up 

 roads. He had several fights with slave dealers 

 in October and November, 1891, and defeated the 

 Xao, compelling their chief to pay a heavy war 

 indemnity. In January, 1892, Capt. Maguire, of 

 the Lakes Company's steamer " Domirad," one 

 of Johnston's officers, was informed by a minor 

 chief, Kasembe, that he had stopped a caravan 

 of slaves which Makanjila, a leading chief of the 

 lowest eastern portion of the district, was pre- 

 paring to convey across the lake, and that he 

 was ready to deliver them to any one having au- 

 thority from the commissioner. Maguire re- 

 ceived orders from his chief to bring the slaves 

 away on his steamer and a barge. After finding 

 the 2 dhows and setting fire to one of them, he 

 was attacked by an overwhelming force of 

 Makanjila's people, who had been lying in am- 

 bush. A storm sprang up on the lake and 

 rendered the barge unnavigable, and its crew, 

 were compelled to swim to the steamer. Maguire 

 was shot as he regained his vessel, which soon 

 afterward grounded, and was besieged for some 

 days before it was floated. The chief engineer, 

 MacEwan, and the Parsee doctor, Boyce, were 

 killed while treating with the enemy. " Shortly 

 afterward a body of Sikhs and 2 'Europeans 

 were surprised in their encampment outside 

 Fort Johnston. The 2 Europeans, Mr. King 

 and Dr. Watson, were wounded, 2 Sikhs and 2 

 Zanzibaris were killed, and the gun was captured. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. 

 The President is chosen for four years by an 

 electoral assembly of 900 members. The Con- 

 gress consists of a Senate and a House of Rep- 

 resentatives, the former composed of 34 mem- 

 bers, 2 from each province, and the latter has 1 

 deputy for every 30,000 of population, elected 

 for two years, half as long as the senatorial term. 

 Antonio Flores, who was elected President on 

 June 30, 1888, was succeeded in June, 1892, by 

 Luis Condero. 



There is a standing army of 3,341 officers and 

 men and a National Guard of 30,000. The navy 

 consists of a third-class cruiser, a gunboat, 3 

 steamships, 2 steamboats, and a transport. 



Area and Population. The area is 118,630 

 square miles, and the population is 1,004,651, ex- 

 clusive of a large number of uncivilized Indians. 

 Primary education is compulsory. The Govern- 

 ment paid $243,881 for education in 1890. 



Finances. The amount of revenue collected 

 in 1890 was 4,182,591 sucres or dollars, of which 



