FUANCK. 



281 



Tlir number nf children in attendance was 5,589.- 

 . .ng the number of children in the 

 country between the ages of six and thirteen, 

 which in is; MI was I. ;".. "M 1. In the secondary 

 schools !Mi.!i(is pupils were taught in INS'.I. 



Commerce.- The total value of the general 

 commerce in IMio was 5,452.000,(MH) francs f..r 

 imports .'111(1 -l.su i.ooo.ooo francs for exports. 

 The special imports, comprising goods entered 

 for home consumption, were I, i: 17,000,000 francs 

 in value, and the special exports, consisting of 

 the products of French industry and agriculture, 

 were :;, 7 ">:.< )'>(>,( i< K) francs. Of the special imports, 

 1. II. ">.( KM i,oo() francs represent food products, 

 >.:: I-J.OOO.OOO francs raw materials, and 650,- 

 000,000 francs; manufactured articles. Of the 

 special exports. 855,000,000 francs were food 

 products, S99.000,000 francs raw products, and 

 l.!P!i'.i.ooo.ooo francs manufactured goods. The 

 values of the principal imports in the special 

 trade of 1890 were as follow: Cereals, 304,000,- 

 000 francs; wine, 350,000,000 francs ; wool, 837,- 

 000,000 francs; coal, 248,000,000 francs; raw 

 silk, '240,000,000 francs: hides and furs, 211,000,- 

 ooo francs; raw cotton, 206,000,000 francs; oil 

 . 192,000,000 francs; timber, 158.000,000 

 francs ; coffee, 156,000.000 francs ; fruits, 83,000,- 

 000 francs; cattle, 69,000,000 francs; woolen 

 manufactures, 67,000,000 francs; silk manufac- 

 tures. 64.000.000 francs; flax, 58,000,000 francs; 

 sugar, 46,000,000 francs; cotton manufactures, 

 41,000,000 francs. The chief domestic exports 

 and t heir values were as follow : Woolen manu- 

 factures, 361,000,000 francs; silk manufactures, 

 '.27-1.000,000 francs; wine, 269,000,000 francs; 

 fancy articles. 1 55,000,000 francs ; leather manu- 

 factures, 146,000,000 francs: raw silk and silk 

 yarn. 125,000,000 francs; linen manufactures, 

 1'J."). i ii 10.000 francs; raw wool and woolen yarn, 

 PJ 1.000,000 francs; cheese and butter, 118,000,- 

 000 francs; leather, 112,000,000 francs: cotton 

 manufactures, 110,000,000 francs; metal manu- 

 factures and implements, 89,000,000 francs; 

 skins and furs, 76,000,000 francs ; spirits, 71,000.- 

 000 francs; refined sugar, 62,000,000 francs; 

 chemical products, 50,000,000 francs. 



The commerce with the principal countries is 

 shown in the following table, which gives the 

 special imports from and the exports of donu-st ic 

 merchandise to each of them for 1890 : 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at the ports of France during 1890 was 100.-j::s, 

 of 20.-JSI 1.949 tons, of which 82.251. of 18,6i)o.r,::7 

 tons, were with cargoes, and IT.DST, of 1,601,412 

 tons, came in ballast. The total number cleared 

 was 101,037, of 20,691.4-15 tons, of which Tii.ir.l. 

 of 14,669.262 tons, sailed with cargoes. , ml 'Jl.- 

 876, of 6,022.183 tons, in ballast. Of the resaelfl 

 entered, 21,755, of 9,801,803 tons, were foreign, 



8,884, of 4,482,373 tons, were French vessels in 



the foreign trad.-, and 9.4, of 6.0O7.773 tons, 

 weiv French vessels in the coasting trade. Of 

 those cleared, 22.032. of 9.91 1,1116 tons, were for- 

 eign vessels, 9.350, of 4,772,500 tons, were French 



engaged in foreign commerce, and ' 

 of 6,007,77o ton.-, were French vessels in the 

 coasting trade. 



The commercial navy on Jan. 1, 1891, num- 

 bered 14.001 sailing vessels, of 444.092 tons, with 

 68,625 men in their crews, and 1.1 lo >t,;im rw- 

 sels, of 499,921 tons, employing 13,799 men. Of 

 the sailing vessels, 270, of 31,093 tons, were en- 

 gaged in the European trade, and of the steam- 

 ers, 243, of 153,317 tons, while 892 sailing \ . 

 of 163,901 tons, and 189 steamers, of 308,851 

 tons, were engaged in long-voyage navigation. 



Railroads. The railroads 'in 1891 had a total 

 length of 33,547 kilometres, not including 3,150 

 kilometres of local roads. The state owns 2,628 

 kilometres. The gross receipts in 1890 were 

 1.127,600,000 francs. In 1889 the gross revenue 

 was 1,144,400,000 francs, and the expenses 588,- 

 800,000 francs, leaving a net revenue of 555,600,- 

 000 francs. The number of passengers carried 

 was 244,164,701 in 1889, and the freight traffic 

 was 87,043,706 tons. 



Posts and Telegraphs. In 1889 there passed 

 through the post office 710,600.000 letters, 22,- 

 000,000 registered letters, 45,300,000 postal cards, 

 472,400,000 newspapers and periodicals, 34,900,- 

 000 samples, 458,400,000 printed inclosures and 

 manuscripts, and 26,100.000 money orders, of the 

 aggregate amount of 756,500,000 francs. The 

 in) ernal traffic was 588,900,000 ordinary letters, 

 18,800,000 registered letters, 41.500,000 postal 

 cards, 399.800,000 journals, 27,400,000 samples, 

 433.500,000 circulars, etc., and 24,500,000 postal 

 orders, of the value of 678,900,000 francs. The 

 telegraph lines in the beginning of 1890 had a 

 total length of 96,632 kilometres, with 305,460 

 kilometres of wire. In Paris there are 237 kilo- 

 metres of pneumatic tubes. The messages in 

 1889 numbered 35.400.000, of which 28.900,000 

 were domestic and 6,500.000 international. 



The Array. Everv Frenchman not found 

 unfit physically is liable to service from the age 

 of twenty to that of forty-five in the active 

 army or the reserves. The term in the active 

 army is three, in the active army reserve six. in 

 the territorial army ten, and the territorial re- 

 serve ten years. France is divided into 18 mili- 

 tary regions, under the command of generals of 

 division, and the military regions into districts 

 corresponding to the political departments, each 

 under a general of brigade. Paris, the central 

 citadel, and Lyons, secondary principal strong 

 place, are \inder separate military administra- 

 tions. The wall of fortifications surrounding 

 Paris has 97 bastions, with 17 old and 38 new 

 forts, so disposed as to form intrenched camps 

 at Versailles and St. Denis. The first-class for- 

 tresses of Belfort, Verdun, and Hriancon on the 

 German frontier are supplemented by l^ingres, 

 by the third-class fort roses of Toul and Aux- 

 onne. and by 9 fourth -class fortresses. On 

 the Belgian frontier. Lille, Dunkirk. Arras, and 

 Douai are first-class, Cambrai. Valenciennes, 

 (iivet, St. Omer, Me/ieres. Sedan. Longuy. and 

 Soissons are second-class, and (travelings, ('onde, 

 Landrecies, Rocroi, Montmedy, and Peronne 



