282 



FRANCE. 



third-class fortresses, besides which there are 6 

 fourth-class forts. The Italian frontier is pro- 

 tected by first-class strong places at Lyons, Gre- 

 noble, and Besangon, and by 11 other forts. On 

 the Spanish frontier there are first-class for- 

 tresses at Perpignan and Bayonne, third-class 

 fortresses at St. Jean and Pied-de-port, and 10 

 of the fourth class. The seaboard fortifications 

 are the naval harbor at Toulon, Antibes, and 21 

 fourth-class forts on the Mediterranean ; Roche- 

 fort, Brest, and Lorient as first-class fortresses 

 on the Atlantic coast, Oleron, La Rochelle, and 

 Belle Isle of the second-class, He de Rhe and 

 Fort Louis of the third-class, and 17 fourth- 

 class forts ; and on the Channel a first-class 

 fortress at Cherbourg, second-class fortresses at 

 St. Malo and Havre, and 16 subsidiary forts. 



The active array, according to the budget of 

 1892, consisted of 570,603 men, including 28,107 

 officers, with 138,990 horses. There was an in- 

 crease of 7,927 men and 1,229 horses over the 

 figures for the preceding year. The distribution 

 of the forces and the strength of the several 

 arms, including officers and men, is shown in the 

 following table : 



The total includes 3,618 officers of the general 

 staff, 659 in the military schools, 2,757 unat- 

 tached among the troops. 11,971 in the infantry, 

 3,804 in the cavalry, 3,719 in the artillery, 434 

 in the engineers, 412 in the train, 651 in the 

 gendarmerie, and 82 in the Garde Republicaine, 

 making 28,107 altogether, of whom 27,374 are in 

 the active army. Deducting the sick and ab- 

 sent, the effective strength of the active army in 

 1892 was 499,483, and of the gendarmerie and 

 Garde Republicaine 25,501. The territorial army 

 consists of 37,000 officers and 579,000 men. The 

 total war strength of the republic is about 

 2,500,000 men, counting only the soldiers of the 

 active army and the various classes of reserve. 

 About half as many more untrained able-bodied 

 men could be called out as a last resort. 



The Nary. The effective navy consists of 393 

 vessels. The seagoing armor-clad vessels num- 

 ber 32, of which 17 are of steel or iron and steel, 

 and the rest mostly of wood plated with iron. 

 They include 14 barbette ships, 7 vessels with a 

 centra] battery, 4 turret ships. 5 barbette cruis- 

 ers, and 2 broadside ships. The " Arniral Bau- 

 din," "Formidable," and " Amiral Duperre " 

 have from 21 to 22 inches of armor at the water 



line, engines developing 8,000 horse powers or 

 more, a displacement from 10,900 to 11,380 tons, 

 an average speed of 19 knots, and each has an 

 armament of 3 or 4 guns with a caliber of 14f 

 inches and 12 or 14 5^-inch guns. The " Cai- 

 man," " Indomptable," and li Terrible " have 19| 

 inches of armor, a displacement of 7,100 tons, 

 and carry each 2 16|-inch and 4 4-inch guns. The 

 " Requin " is more heavily armored and armed, 

 carrying 2 heavy guns of IG^-inch, 2 of lOf-inch, 

 and 4 of 4-inch caliber. The other barbette 

 armor-clads range from 5,780 to 7,050 tons, with 

 8f or 10 inches of armor, and each carries 4 guns 

 of either lOf- or 9f-inch bore, and from 7 to 12 

 smaller guns, on the larger vessels of 9f and 5-J-, 

 and on the smaller 7f and 5^ inches caliber. The 

 central-battery ships range from 8,650 to 9,500 

 tons, and armor 14 to 15 inches thick on 3 

 and 8f inches on the others. The 2 heaviest 

 have each 4 13|- and 4 lOf-inch guns, with 6 

 5^-inch cannon, and the rest carry 8 lOf-inch 

 guns each, with 6 or 8 of smaller caliber. The 

 turret ships have 18 inches of armor over vul- 

 nerable parts, and each has a displacement of 

 10,580 tons and engines of 7,000 horse powers, 

 with a speed of 16 knots for the slowest and 17 

 knots for the fastest. One is armed with 2 guns 

 of 13i-inch, 2 of 10^-inch, and 20 of 5|-inch cali- 

 ber ; 1 with 4 guns of 13-J-inch and 19 of 5-J-inch 

 caliber; and the other 2 carry 4 13^-inch and 17 

 5|-inch guns each. The barbette cruisers, plated 

 with 6-inch armor, have a displacement of from 

 3,560 to 4,600 tons, and carry 10 to 14 guns 

 each, of which the lightest have a bore of 4f 

 and the heaviest of 9f inches. The armor-clad 

 vessels for coast defense comprise 2 barbette 

 ships, with 174 inches of armor, each mounting 

 2 guns of 13|-inch caliber ; 8 turret ships, carry- 

 ing mostly 9f- or lOf -inch guns ; and 2 turret 

 and 4 barbette gun vessels. There are 12 deck- 

 protected cruisers, of which the 5 lightest, armed 

 with 2 guns of 5-J-inch caliber, can make 19-J- 

 knots ; 1. carrying 6 guns of 6i-inch caliber, can 

 make 20 knots ; the heaviest, having a displace- 

 ment of 6,950 tons and engines of 10,330 horse 

 powers, carries 10 6J-inch and 10 5^-inch guns ; 

 and the next heaviest, with a displacement of 

 5,680 tons and a speed of 20 knots, has the same 

 armament. The vessels under construction in 

 1891 were 11 sea-going armor-clads, 2 armor- 

 clads for coast defense, 2 seagoing deck-pro- 

 tected cruisers, 3 torpedo cruisers, 5 torpedo dis- 

 patch vessels, and 54 torpedo boats. The com- 

 pleted torpedo flotilla consisted of 4 torpedo 

 cruisers, 8 torpedo dispatch vessels, 4 seagoing 

 torpedo boats, 12 first-class, 67 second-class, and 

 43 third-class torpedo boats, 7 small torpedo 

 boats, and 1 submarine boat. 



Finances. The estimated revenue for 1892 

 was 3,780,077,692 francs, including 107,322,133 

 francs entered pour ordre and 454,351.426 francs 

 from special resources, or, without these, 3,218,- 

 404,133 francs; deducting further 12,176,945 

 francs of exceptional receipts and 60,609,550 

 francs of recett.es d'ordre, the total ordinary re- 

 ceipts amount to 3,145,617,638 francs, of which 

 472,729,708 francs come from direct taxes, 1,928,- 

 618,400 francs from indirect taxes, 619,523,820 

 francs from state monopolies. 44,714,780 francs 

 from domains and forests, and 26,030,930 francs 

 from various sources. The land tax is estimated 



