GEOGRAPHICAL PROGKKSS. 



301 



caravans, on March 12, and then ascended the 

 Mutiek |il;itcau. an undulating pasture land 

 traversed liy two crooks, Having crossed a high 

 .1 mountain, they came into the Iwu-in >f 

 ngoro. This, apparently an old crater, is 

 circular and surrounded Ity mountains. It has 

 no i.utlet. Inn its streams unite in a little lake. 

 It is inhabited by Mutiek Ma-sai. Having 

 ims>ed to the northwest over the high plateau of 

 Ncirobi, the travelers found themselves on the 

 liordcrof a colossal basin stretching away toward 

 the south. At the bottom of it was a large lake 

 whose southern end disappeared at the horizon. 

 This lake is the Eiassi lake or Nyanza ya 

 Nyalaya. According to the Massai, it extends to 

 Inunba. On their predatory excursions they 

 travel along the eastern shore. They told Dr. 

 Haumnnii that many streams enter it from the 

 west, among them "a very large river coming 

 from Usukuma, the district lying southeast of 

 the Victoria Nyanza. This, he thinks, must be 

 the Wembere, or Liwumbe, discovered by Mr. 

 Stanley, who supposed it to be a tributary of the 

 Victoria Nyanza: but Mr. Ravenstein showed 

 that this could not be, if the altitudes of the 

 region had been correctly estimated. Dr. Fischer 

 crossed the Liwumbe in 1885. and was told that 

 it lost itself in the Wembere Steppe, forming a 

 small lake there in the rainy season. Lake 

 Kiassi is like Lake Manyara. having salt water 

 and no great depth, but it never wholly dries np. 

 Tin shores are of crystalline rock; the plateau 

 of Neirobi is volcanic. 



This lake has been heretofore unknown from 

 actual discovery. But Dr. Emin on his march 

 through Ugogo inferred the existence of a large 

 sheet of water from his observations on the birds 

 of the region. In a report from Tabora, Aug. 

 !, 1S!)0, he wrote: "It is surprising to see great 

 numbers of water-haunting birds in a region so 



Cr in water as this appears to be, and I have 

 wne convinced, especially by observing the 

 pelicans on the pools of the Buhu river, that 

 there must be in the vicinity some large body of 

 water, as yet unknown." 



hissing on to the northwest over theSerengeti 

 plateau, among the Ndorobbo, and crossing the 

 water divide, Dr. Baumann came to the district 

 inhabited by the Waschaschi (or Shashi). which 

 extends to the lake and is well cultivated. The 

 journey was made in three months. Dr. Bau- 

 mann 'thinks there are no obstacles to the con- 

 struction of a road, except perhaps above Leile- 

 lei and to the west of Ngorongoro. He does 

 not advise placing a large steamer upon the lake, 

 as it is difficult to obtain fuel. He prefers a 

 steam launch and a number of sailing boats. 

 The steamer 11. \\ issrnann, which was originally 

 intended for the Victoria Nyanza, is to be sent to 

 Lake Tanganyika. 



Dr. Emin Pasha and Dr. Stuhlmann set out 

 on a journey from Kahma, March 22, 1891. to ex- 

 plore the country along the German and English 

 boundaries, and in particular to settle the south- 

 ern extremity of Lake Albert Edward. The 

 route lay through the unexplored ground south 

 of Stanley's track to the southern end of the 

 lake, which was reached in the beginning of May 

 of the same year. Particulars of the journey are 

 given by Dr." Stuhlmann. On the way Emin re- 

 ceived news that the people of the equatorial 



province had settled the northern extremity of 

 the lake, but this rumor proved false. 



They discovered a river named Kifu flowing 

 into the south end of Lake Albert Edward. 

 There is a conjectural Lake Kifu lying between 

 Tanganyika and Albert Edward, and this may 

 be a portion of the river. Possibly this river is 

 the most southerly source of the N'ile. 



From the south end of the lake Emin moved 

 into the snowclad mountains westward. Start- 

 ing May 15, Dr. Stuhlmann ascended one of these 

 mountains and ascertained its height to be 12,- 

 000 feet above sea level. In the course of the 

 journey Emin Pasha established communication 

 with some of his former people, who had settled 

 at Kavilli. on Lake Nyanza, and from them re- 

 ceived news of the sad state of his former prov- 

 ince. Here 182 Soudanese joined him, ana the 

 expedition marched north to Stury, the most 

 northerly point reached. 1 he return journey 

 began Sept. 30, and much the same route was 

 followed. On the way, sickness and hunger and 

 the attacks of hostile trilies caused great suffer- 

 ing. Emin Pasha himself fell ill and almost 

 lost his eyesight. An outbreak of smallpox 

 necessitated dividing the caravan into two parts, 

 and Dr. Stuhlmann moved off at first with the 

 healthy men. He waited some time at Kinja- 

 wanga for Emin Pasha, but as no news reached 

 him he, in pursuance of orders, resumed his 

 march after Jan. 15, reaching Bukoba, on Lake 

 Victoria, Feb. 1. Dr. Stuhlmann said that the 

 territory of Mfumbiro, which Stanley claims to 

 have secured for England, is in all probability 

 bevond the thirtieth meridian, and therefore 

 belongs to the Congo State. 



Emin afterward arrived at Bukoba, having en- 

 tirely recovered from his illness. In one of his 

 letters from the west shore of the Albert Nyanza 

 he said there were numbers of slave traders be- 

 tween James Gordon Bennett mountain and the 

 Ruwenzori. In a journey of six days he found 

 51 emaciated corpses and 89 bodies with broken 

 skulls. He estimates that 2,000 persons have been 

 carried away from that district into slavery. 



The most recent visitor to the great falls of 

 the upper Zambesi river is M. Decle, a French 

 explorer, who is now carrying out ethnological 

 investigations in the upper Zambesi region. He 

 says his predecessors have spoken so enthusias- 

 tically of the falls that he hardly dares to express 

 his own opinion. 



I will content myself by snying that they would 

 be very grand if one could only we them. The great 

 river, about a mile wide at this place, suddenly con- 

 tracts and disappears, apparently into the bowels of 

 the earth, falling from a height which I estimate at 

 about 400 feet, into a gorge which is about 600 feet 

 wide. The water dashes itself with such violence to 

 the bottom of this gorge that much of it rebounds 

 high in the air, and a column of spray and vapor riaes 

 at least 300 feet above the level of the river. <>ne 

 can see this column, plainly marking the location 

 of the falls, seven miles away, and the roar can be 

 heard for several miles. I could find no position 

 where I could see the bottom of the gorge, and there 

 was only a single place where it was MMlbia tor me 

 to see M much as 600 feet in width of tlie^ falls at one 

 time. It is impossible to compare the Victoria Falls 

 with those of Niagara. 



The expedition of Lieut. Mizon in western 

 Africa has attracted attention on account of its 



