CKKMANY. 



311 



butteries, each army corps is further strength- 

 ened I iy a cavalry division df 4 regiments, w nli ,' 

 butteries i'l' horse artillery ami 1 battalion <>f 

 pioneers and 1 of train. Service in I In- army is 

 coinpiil-ory. and every able-bodied German be- 

 tween the a -re "I" nineteen and forty-live belongs 

 I., .-.line military body. All are liable to serve 

 three years in the active army, with the excep- 

 tion of' the -.'-called volunteers, who, on passing 

 .miination a- to their education, are dis- 

 charged after one year's service. I !' they show 

 proliciency during that time and the subsequent 

 yearly practice they have to undergo, they are 

 promoted to (.nicer.-, thus forming the large body 

 df reser\e officers. Everyman on having served 

 hi- time is transferred to the reserve army, in 

 which lie remains four years, and is liable to be 

 called out annually for practice service. On 

 quitting the reserve army he has to form part of 

 the Landwehr for five years in the first class, 

 and up to his thirty-ninth year in the second 

 elttB, Owing to the legal limitation of the 

 I race strength only a limited number of the 

 yearly conscripts can join the army, and they 

 are usually chosen by lot. The rest are trans- 

 ferred to the Ersatztruppen, another kind of re- 

 serve, in which the period of service is twelve 

 \ears. and these are called out to serve ten, six. 

 or four weeks annually. At the end of twelve 

 years those who received training, which is by 

 no means universal, pass into the Landsturm of 

 the lirst class, the untrained into the Landsturm 

 of the second class. Every man under the age 

 of forty-five and above the age of nineteen, not 

 belonging to any other part of the army, is en- 

 rolled in either the first or second class of the 

 Landsturm. In case of war the numerical 

 strength of the battalion is increased to 1,002 by 

 calling in the reserve. The men belonging to 

 the reserve have to report semiannually to their 

 respective district commands, of which there are 

 27? throughout Germany. A record is kept 

 there of the occupation, address, etc., of the men 

 of the district, and orders are made out for di- 

 recting the men where to report for duty in case 

 of mobilization. It is estimated that Germany 

 would have in the last extremity, with her pres- 

 ent organization, an army of almost 3.000,000 

 trained men. The rifle used by the infantry is 

 of the Mauser system of 1888. carrying 5 car- 

 tridges in the magazine, and having a caliber of 

 7-S7I millimetres. 



The Navy. In 1891 Germany had 77 war 

 ships, of which 12 were ironclads, 16 coast-de- 

 fense ironclads, 4 frigate cruisers, 10 corvette 

 cruisers, 5 smaller cruisers, 53 gunboats, 8 avisos. 



11 school ships, and 8 vessels for miscellaneous 

 purposes. With the exception of the " Konig 

 Wilhelm," the two most, formidable ships of the 

 navy are the ironclads "Kaiser" and " I Putsch- 

 land." sifter ships 280 feet long, which were 

 launched in 1874. They are protected with an 

 armor of 10 inches thickness over the vital parts 

 and s inches elsewhere. They each carry s -Jit-ton 

 breech-loading Krupp guns and 7 guns of 4 tons' 

 weight on the upper deck. The "Konig Wil- 

 helm" carries 18 14i-ton, 4 12-ton, and 7 4-ton 

 Krupp hammered-steel guns. She hits plates 13 

 inches thick amidships at the water line and 

 diminishing to 7 inches 7 feet below. The tor- 

 pedo flotilla is composed of 6 gunboats, 8 dis- 



patch ve-sels, 1 torpedo ship. 1 tender, 03 tor- 

 pedo boat- nl' I'l'iiiii I't tn . v "> ton-. )!) lorptido 

 lioat- of .">!) ton-, and 4 of smaller t.i 

 There were 12 admirals, JJL'l olliccr-. and 16,- 

 150 men in I lie (ierman navy in 1S!M. Kid, 

 on the Baltic, and \\ilhelnishuven. on the North 

 Sea. form the two ports of war. Three additions 

 to i he (iern.an navy were launched during tin- 

 year 1S!>:. One armor-clad for coast defen-c of 

 the Siegfried type, which wa- cliri-t. ned liildc- 

 brand,'' one first-class ironclad, which received 

 the name " Worth," and one cruis T, which was 

 built as a substitute for the " Adler," and was 

 named " Kaiseradler." 



Agriculture and Industry. Of the whole 

 area of Germany, 94 per cent, is productive; 20,- 

 811,968 hectares (1 hectare = 2'47 acres) are 

 cropped land, vineyards, and othor cultivated 

 lands; 10,944,570 hectares are meadow, permanent 

 pasture, and fallow lands; and i:>,!)OS,;J!JH hectares 

 are woods and forests. All other land makes 

 2,860,149 hectares. The area under cultivation 

 of the principal crops in 1891 was as follows: 

 Wheat, 1,960,276 hectares; rye, 5,820,222; barley, 

 1,667,188; oats, 3,904,020; potatoes, 2,905,870; 

 hay, 5,909,543; beet root for fodder, 398,896; 

 vines, 120.300; hops, 44,505. The yield in 1891 

 was: Wheat, 2,831,011 metric tons (1 metric ton 

 =2,200 pounds); rye, 5,867,931 ; barley, 2.283,432; 

 oats, 4,913,544; potatoes, 23,320,983; hay, 18- 

 859,888 ; beet root for sugar, 10,623,319 ; beet root 

 for fodder. 7,726,896 ; hops, 24,731 : wine, 2,974,- 

 593 hectolitres (1 hectolitre = 22 gallons). About 

 one quarterof the empire is covered with fon -!.-. 

 which are managed by the state in a very care- 

 ful and scientific manner. Westphalia, Rhenish 

 Prussia, and Silesia are the chief mining districts 

 for coal and iron, the Ilarz produces silver and 

 copper, and Silesia zinc. Saxony has coal, iron, 

 and silver mines. The total value of the min- 

 erals raised in Germany and Luxemburg in IMio 

 was over 725,000,000 marks, against 555,000.000 

 marks in 1889. 



Commerce. The customs territory of the 

 (ierman Zollverein includes the Grand Duchy of 

 Luxemburg and the Austrian commune of Jung- 

 holz. but excludes in German territory a small 

 part of the port of Hamburg, parts of the com- 

 mune of Cuxhaven, Bremerhaven and Gre-te- 

 munde, the island of Heligoland, and a few dis- 

 tricts in Baden. The total value of the general 

 commerce in 1890 was 10.783,891,000 marks, 

 comprising 5,844,690,000 marks of imports and 

 4,938,701,000 marks of exports. The value of 

 the special iir ports was 4,272,910.000 marks, and 

 that of the special exports 3,409,584. 000 marks. 

 The value of horses imported in 1890 was 72,- 

 005,000 marks; of swine, 75.1SS.OOO marks ; of 

 barley, 98,009.000 marks: of wheat. 104.149.000 

 mark's; of rve, 98,093,000 marks : of coffee, 219,- 

 715,000 marks: of raw hides. !I4.::-J5.000 marks; 

 of petroleum, 73,089,000 marks: of cotton, 290,- 

 122,000 marks: of wool, 244,36(i.(K)0 marks ; of 

 raw silk, 108,547,000 marks; and of w-.olen yarn. 

 '.i-'.^J.OOO marks. The values of the chief ex- 

 ports were: Suirar, 216.107.000 marks; woolen 

 goods. 161,002.000 marks; mixed silk and cotton 

 roods. 1 l!i.:ilt!i.0()0 marks; coal and coke, 140.- 

 491,000 marks: riblxnis and trimmings. 121.844,- 

 000 marks; leather goods, 107.245,000 marks; 

 hosiery, 106,788,000 marks; paper, 57,502,000 



