312 



GERMANY. 



marks; cotton cloth, 56,791,000 marks; wood 

 manufactures, 51.130.000 marks ; hops, 45,680,- 

 000 marks ; aniline dyes, 37,854,000 marks. 



The accompanying table shows the values, in 

 marks, of the special imports and exports of the 

 various classes of merchandise in 1890 : 



MERCHANDISE. 



Animals 229,586,000 



Animal products 103.748,000 



Articles of consumption 1,167,578.000 



Seeds and plants 40,560,000 



Kuel 101,529,000 



Kats and oils 236,050,000 



Chemicals, drugs, etc 261.874,000 



Stone, clay, and glass 62,157,000 



Metals and metal wares 338.038,000 



Wood manufactures 217,990,000 



Paper manufactures 15,467,000 



Leather, etc 190,244,000 



Textiles ! 1,119,040.000 



India rubber, etc I 89,6o7,000 



Machinery, instruments, etc. . . . ! 92,883,000 



Hardware, etc ] 28,694,000 



Literature, art, etc \ 27,820,000 



Various articles 



Imports. 



Total 4.272,910,000 3,409,684,000 



Exports. 



29,845.000 



22,009,000 

 441,046,000 



26,797,0(10 

 146,509,000 



27,554,000 

 274,692,000 

 118,009,000 

 430,704,000 

 120,054,000 



89,879,000 



237.154,000 



1,072; 136,000 



30,135,000 

 164.390,000 



88,312,000 



88,682,000 

 1,617,000 



The commerce with the different foreign coun- 

 tries and the German free ports in 1890, in 

 marks, is set forth in the following table : 



A number of treaties of commerce expired on 

 Feb. 1, 1892 ; in most cases new treaties were 

 entered into before the expiration of the old 

 ones. Austria-Hungary, Italy, Belgium, and 

 Switzerland were the countries with which the 

 new treaties went into effect on Feb. 1 : they 

 were made for the space of twelve years, contain 

 reciprocal concessions, fix the limit of certain 

 other tariffs for the duration of the treaty, and 

 contain the favored-nation clause. The coun- 

 tries benefited by the concessions made to these 

 four nations, on account of having treaties with 

 Germany containing the favored-nation clause, 

 were the following : Argentine Republic, Chili, 

 Corea, Costa Rica, Denmark, Ecuador, France, 

 Greece, Great Britain, Guatemala, Hawaii, Hon- 

 duras, Liberia, Madagascar, Morocco, Mexico, 

 Netherlands, Paraguay, Persia, Portugal, Salva- 

 dor, Santo Domingo, Sweden and Norway, 

 Servia, Spain. South African Republic, Turkey, 

 including Egypt, Bulgaria and East Roumelia, 

 United States of America, and Zanzibar. 



Navigation. The number of vessels entered 

 at German ports during 1890 was 67,021, of the 

 aggregate tonnage of 13,820,652 tons ; and the 

 total number cleared was 66,988, the tonnage 

 13.849,336. The number entered with cargoes 

 was 56,653, of 12,210,950 tons ; cleared with car- 

 goes, 48,219, of 9,277,525 tons ; entered in ballast, 

 10,368, of 1,109,702 tons : cleared in ballast, 18,- 

 719, of 4,071,811 tons. Of the total number of 

 vessels cleared with cargoes, 35,941, of 5,312,228 

 tons, were German ships ; 3,099, of 2,060,846 tons, 

 were British; 3,668, of 633,836 tons, Danish; 

 1,592, of 391.815 tons, Swedish ; 995, of 180,140 

 tons, Dutch ; 747, of 275,870 tons, Norwegian ; 

 and 234, of 70,862 tons, were Russian. All other 

 foreign vessels numbered 10,571. of 3,780,707 

 tons. Of the total number entered with cargoes, 

 38,979 vessels, of 6,206,555 tons, were German ; 

 4,883, of 8.583,399 tons, British ; 4,926, of 709,718 

 tons, Danish ; 2,911, of 589,546 tons, Swedish; 

 1,285, of 194,527 tons, Dutch; 1,060, of 392,835 

 tons, Norwegian ; 508, of 136,572 tons, Russian ; 

 and 15,855, of 5,809,325 tons, were other foreign 

 vessels. 



The merchant navy, on Jan. 1, 1891, numbered 

 3,653 vessels, of 1,483,413 tons. There were 896 

 steamers, of 723.652 tons, and 2,757 sailing ves- 

 sels, of 709,761 tons. Of the steamers, 378, of 

 149,180 tons, belonged to the Baltic ports, and 

 518, of 574,522 tons, to the ports of the North 

 Sea; of the sailing vessels, there were 863, of 

 186,032 tons, sailing from Baltic ports, while 

 1,894, of 523,729 tons, sailed from the North Sea 

 ports. Of the total shipping in 1891, 2,227 ves- 

 sels, of 362,114 tons, belonged to Prussian ports. 

 Of the sailing vessels, 1,585 were under 100 tons, 

 750 between "lOO and 500 tons, 206 between 500 

 and 1,000 tons, 204 from 1,000 to 2,000 tons, 

 and 12 were 2,000 tons and over. Of the steam- 

 ers, 175 were under 100 tons, 225 between 100 

 and 500 tons, 214 between 500 and 1,000 tons, 

 203 from 1.000 to 2,000 tons, and 79 were 2,000 

 tons and over. The crews of the merchant navy 

 in 1891 numbered 40,449. 



Railroads. The total length of railroads in 

 operation on May 1, 1891, was 43,008 kilometres. 

 The great majority of the railroads are owned 

 by the state, only 4,765 kilometres belonging to 

 private companies, and of these 325 are worked 

 by the Government. Of the total number owned 

 by the state, 9,158 kilometres are local lines, while 

 2,108 kilometres are private local lines. Of 43,008 

 kilometres, 31,489 are principal lines, of which 

 12,697 kilometres have two or more tracks. 



Post Office and Telegraphs. The imperial 

 post office and the separately administered royal 

 post offices of Bavaria and Wiirtemberg carried 

 together, in 1890, 1,073,717,290 letters, 351.459,660 

 postal cards, 437,921,908 printed matter, 25,808,- 

 840 samples, and 818,392,050 newspapers, giving 

 a total, including miscellaneous, of 2,925,041,088 

 pieces. The money remittances amounted to 

 21,873,168,000 mark's. In 1890 there were 129,090 

 employees in the post and telegraph service, 24.- 

 970 post offices, and 17,454 telegraph offices. The 

 receipts of the united postal and telegraph offices 

 in 1889-'90 were 253,941,253 marks, and the ex- 

 penses 231,886,252 marks. The total length of 

 telegraph lines in 1890 was 52,067 miles; the 

 length of wires, 219,911 miles. 18,779,848 inland 

 and 8,243,125 foreign telegrams were sent. 



