GREAT IWITAIN AND IRELAND. 



321 



il by the imperial defense act of 1888, 1,- 



:. The gross Hiuiual value of property 



Mini profits assessed to income tax comes within 



00,000 of the total national liabilities. .-MM! 



tlic estimated national income is more than 



double the amount of the debt, which represents 



an average debt per capita of $87.50, and an 



an ii ual burden of $3.25. 



Agriculture and Industry. Of the land in 

 tlif Tinted Kingdom, 68*5 per cent, is suitable 

 for cultivation or pasture, 3'6 per cent, is covered 

 with woods, and 37'9 per cent, is waste mountain 

 or heat Ii laud, or covered with water, or otherwise 

 unproductive. The area under grain crops in 

 Great Britain in 1891 was 7,924,823 acres; under 

 preen crops, 3,297,569; under flax, 1,801 ; under 

 hops, 50,148; bare fallow, etc.. 429,040; under 

 clever and rotation grasses, 4.716,582 ; permanent 

 pasture, 16,433,850. In Ireland, grain crops oc- 

 cupied 1,492,329; green crops, 1,190,943; flax, 

 74,672; fallows, 21,786; and clover, grass, and 

 permanent pasture, 12,348,921 acres. The live 

 stock of Great Britain in 1891 comprised 1,488,- 

 403 horses, 6,852,821 horned cattle, 28,732,558 

 sheep, and 2,888.773 pigs. In Ireland there were 

 f.irj.sr.l horses, 4,448,477 cattle, 4,722,391 sheep, 

 and 1,367,776 hogs. The wheat crop of Great 

 Britain for 1890 was 73,354,000 bushels; barley. 

 73,933,000 bushels; oats, 120,188,000 bushels: 

 beans, 11.697,000 bushels ; peas, 6,294,000 bushels ; 

 potatoes. 2,812,000 tons ; turnips, 27,747,000 tons. 

 In Ireland the wheat crop was 2,639,000 bushels ; 

 barley, 6,860,000 bushels; oats, 51,107,000 bushels; 

 potatoes, 1,810,000 tons ; turnips, 4,256,000 tons. 

 The average yield of wheat per acre was 30f 

 bushels in Great Britain and 28$ in Ireland ; of 

 barley, 35 bushels in Great Britain and 37$ in 

 Ireland ; of oats, 41$ and 41f bushels. 



The produce of the sea fisheries in 1890 was 

 6,743.922, including shell fish and exclud- 

 ing salmon, of which the catch in Ireland was 

 399,000. and in Scotland 222,000 in estimated 

 value. The number of men engaged in the sea 

 fisheries of Great Britain is 124,787, of whom 55,- 

 148 are Scotch and 41,815 English. The number 

 of registered boats is 27,151. The value of the 

 exports of fish in 1889 was 1,766,639, of the 

 Imports, 2,588,623. 



The quantity of coal raised during 1890 was 

 181,614.288 ton's, valued at 74,953,997; that of 

 the iron ore, 13,780,767. valued at 3,926,445. 

 The total value of metallic minerals raised, in- 

 cluding iron, lead, tin, zinc, copper, bog iron, 

 silver and gold ores, copper precipitate, anti- 

 mony, and iron pyrites, was 5,273.018. The 

 quantity of iron produced in 1890 was 4,848.748 

 tons, valued at 14,808,884; of tin, 9,602 tons, 

 valued at 937,760 ; the value of the lead. 449,- 

 826: of the zinc, 203,358 ; of copper, 57,650 ; 

 of silver, 58,040. The total value of nomnetallic 

 minerals raised was 87,519.211. the chief kinds, 

 besides coal, being stone for 8,708,691, slate for 

 1,027,235, salt for 1,100,014, clays, oil shale, 

 gypsum, arsenic, phosphate of lime, and barytes. 

 Tho numtwr of persons employed in the coal 

 mines in 1890 was 613,233. The export of coal 

 in 1890 was 30,142,839 tons, of the value of 19,- 

 020.209, which went to France, Italy, Germany, 

 Russia, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, and Egypt. 

 The production of pig iron in 1890 was 7.904',000 

 tons, and the consumption 7,294,000. The num- 

 VOL. xxxn. 21 A 



ber of furnaces in blast was 414 ; the number of 

 puddling furnaces in operation, 3,015: of Besse- 

 mer steel converters, 82 ; of open-hearth steel fur- 

 naces, 252. The production of manufactured iron 

 was 1,923,000 tons; of Bessemer steel, 2,015,- 

 000 tons; of open-hearth steel, 1.564,000 tons. 

 The imports of iron ore were 4,471,790 tons, of 

 which 4,028,672 tons were Spanish ore ; of bar 

 iron, 93,000 tons ; of manufactured iron, 223,000 

 tons. The imports of copper ore were 215,935 

 tons; of lead, 158,649 tons ; of tin. 27,038 tons. 



The imports of raw cotton for 1800 were 1 

 495,200 pounds, of which 1,578,853,360 pounds 

 were retained for home consumption. The total 

 imports of wool were 638,028,131 pounds, of 

 which 292,315,828 pounds were retained for 

 home consumption. There were 7,190 textile 

 factories in the United Kingdom in 1890, having 

 53,641,062 spindles and 822,489 power looms. 

 They gave employment to 298,828 men, 86,968 

 boys working full time, 610,608 women and girls 

 over thirteen years old and working full time, 

 and 40,558 boys and 45,941 girls half time. 



Commerce. The total value of the imports 

 in 1890 was 420,691,997, against 427,637.595 

 in 1889. The value of the exports of British 

 products was 263,530,585, against 248,935,195. 

 The exports of foreign and colonial products was 

 64,721,533, making the total volume of com- 

 merce 748,944,115, against 743,230,274 in 1889. 

 The share of England in the total trade was 90$ 

 per cent.; of Scotland, 8 per cent.; of Ireland, 

 1$ per cent. The average value of imports per 

 head of population was about $55. and of ex- 

 ports of domestic products $33. Of the total 

 value of imports for 1890, 97,283,349 came from 

 the United States, 44,828,148 from France, 

 32,668,797 from India, 29,350,844 from Aus- 

 tralasia, 26,073,331 from Germany, 25,900,924 

 from the Netherlands, 23,750,863* from Russia, 

 17,383,776 from Belgium, 12,508,533 from 

 Spain, 12,444,489 from British America, 8,- 

 473,656 from Sweden, 8,368,851 from Egypt, 

 7.753,389 from Denmark. 6,095,612 from So'uth 

 Africa, 5,187,801 from the Straits Settlements, 

 4,830,850 from China, 4,816,883 from Turkey, 

 4,447,159 from Roumania, 4,350,675 from 

 Brazil, 4,129,802 from the Argentine Republic, 

 3,473,348 from Chili and Bolivia, 3,432.689 

 from Norway, 3,411.209 from Ceylon. 3,098,- 

 918 from Brazil, 2,942,194, 1,962,798 from 

 Greece, 1,806,390 from the British West Indies, 

 1,728.337 from Austria, 1.647,708 from the 

 Philippine Islands, 1,320.305 from Central 

 America, 1,225,064 from Hong-Kong, 1,223,- 

 035 from Java, 1,093,255 from West Africa, ex- 

 clusive of British possessions, 1,076,666 from 

 British West Africa. 1.053,604 from Peru. 1,- 

 024,993 from Japan, 958,175 from the Channel 

 Islands, 907,897 from British Guiana. 85)0.612 

 from Algeria, 668.034 from Morocco, 542.979 

 from Mexico, 531,293 from Tunis and Tripoli, 

 and smaller amounts from Uruguay, Colombia, 

 Venezuela. East Africa, Siam, Bulgaria, the 

 Spanish West Indies, Mauritius, Malta, Persia, 

 Madagascar, Hayti and Santo Domingo. (Whin 

 China. Tonquin. and other foreign countries and 

 British possessions. Of the total exports of 

 British produce, 33,64 1,001 went to India, 32,- 

 068'.128 to the United States, 28,006.004 to Aus- 

 tralasia, 19,293,626 to Germany, 16,567,927 to 



