326 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 



Malays and carry on the distributing trade. 

 The Governor is assisted by an Executive Council 

 consisting of the commander of the troops and 

 7 civil officials, and by a Legislative Council of 

 10 official and 7 unofficial members, 5 nomi- 

 nated by the Crown and 2 elected by the Cham- 

 bers of Commerce of Singapore and Penang. 

 Sir Cecil Clemente Smith has been Governor 

 since 1887. The native states on the Malay 

 peninsula under British protection and governed 

 by the advice of British residents had a popula- 

 tion in 1891 as follows: Perak, 212,997; Selan- 

 gor, 81,421 ; Sungei Ujong, 23,602 ; Pahang, 52,- 

 803 ; and Negri Sembilan, 41,617. In 1890 the 

 Chinese immigrants numbered 132,674 ; the In- 

 dian immigrants, 18,901. 



The revenue of the colony in 1890 was $4,269,- 

 123, and the expenditure $3,757,691. The debt 

 was increased to $1,258,167. Of the native states, 

 Perak had a revenue in 1890 of $2,504,116. and 

 an expenditure of $2,447,929 ; Selangor a reve- 

 nue of $1,888,924, and an expenditure of $1,996,- 

 544; Sungei Ujong a revenue of $277,910, and 

 an expenditure of $261,647; Negri Sembilan a 

 revenue of $107,033, and an expenditure of $115,- 

 589 ; and Pahang a revenue of $62,077, and an 

 expenditure of $297,702. The imports into 

 Singapore in 1890 were valued at $112.633,960, 

 the exports at $94,131,804; the imports into Pe- 

 nang at $43,788,400, and the exports at $41,349,- 

 247 ; and the imports into Malacca at $2,228,351, 

 and the exports at $2,244,093. The leading ex- 

 ports are tin, spices, sugar, tobacco, cutch and 

 gambier, and gutta-percha. The number of ves- 

 sels, exclusive of native craft, entered at the 

 ports of the colony was 8,110, with a tonnage of 

 4,859,720 tons ; and the number cleared was 8,068, 

 with a tonnage of 4,818,939 tons. 



Much British capital has been invested in Pa- 

 hang to work large concessions of land said to 

 be rich in tin, gold, and valuable timber. Owing 

 to this fact, the Sultan was compelled, against 

 his will, to receive a British resident in 1888. 

 He has, however, been loyal since that time, 

 though his headmen have not been so compli- 

 ant. One of these, the Orang Kaya Semantan, 

 or chief headman of Semantan, was deposed, and 

 about Christmas, 1891, fired on a European officer 

 of the Pahang Government and attacked a po- 

 lice station. He afterward built stockades and 

 declared himself against British rule. The Sul- 

 tan and Mr. Rodger, the British resident, pro- 

 ceeded against him in January, 1892, with a 

 force of Malays and Sikhs, captured most of the 

 stockades on Semantan river, and caused the 

 leader himself to take refuge in the jungle. Yet 

 he continued to give trouble, and captured some 

 important river stations, waylaid escorts, and 

 murdered a number of people, chiefly Chinese. 

 In March, another headman, the Panglima Mada, 

 murdered two European miners, and threatened 

 Pekan, the principal village of Pahang. 



Labuan, a small island about 6 miles from the 

 northwest coast of Borneo was placed under the 

 government of the British North Borneo Com- 

 pany in 1889. The population in 1891 was 5,853, 

 mostly Malays from Borneo, with some Chinese 

 traders and 30 Europeans. The imports in 1890 

 amounted to 56,229, and the exports to 34,315. 

 Sago, gutta-percha, India rubber, wax, and other 

 produce, are exported from Borneo to Singapore. 



The territory of British North Borneo is under 

 the jurisdiction of the British North Borneo 

 Company, which was taken under the protection 

 of the British Crown on May 12, 1888. The 

 area is 31,106 square miles, and the population 

 175,000, mostly Mohammedan settlers on the 

 coast and aboriginal tribes in the interior, with 

 some Chinese traders and artisans. Charles Van- 

 deleur Creagh is Governor, and Leicester Paul 

 Beaufort the acting Governor. The authorized 

 capital of the company is 2,000,000, and of this 

 500,000 have been actually raised. Mr. Martin 

 has succeeded Sir Rutherford Alcock as the 

 London chairman of the company. The revenue, 

 which depends mainly on the prosperity of the 

 tobacco interest, is precarious and has been 

 largely exceeded by the expenditure. It reached 

 102,000 in 1890, the amount received from the 

 sales of land for plantations being over 36,000, 

 but fell to 70,000 in 1891. The imports in 

 1890 were 2,018,289, and the exports 901,290. 

 Tobacco, which is being planted on a large scale, 

 sago, rice, gums, timber, coffee, pepper, gambier, 

 gutta-percha, tapioca, and sweet potatoes, are the 

 chief products. Lord Brassey, in the House of 

 Lords, ineffectually endeavored to have the ter- 

 ritory declared a crown colony. 



Brunei and Sarawak are adjacent territories 

 placed under British protection in 1888. The 

 area of Brunei, which is ruled over by a native 

 sultan, is about 3,000 square miles. Sarawak has 

 an area of about 45,000 square miles, and a popu- 

 lation of about 300,000, and is governed by Sir 

 Charles Johnson Brooke, who succeeded his 

 uncle as Rajah in 1868. The products of both 

 territories are similar to those of North Borneo. 



The Crown colony of Hong-Kong, an island 

 off the southeastern coast of China, has an area 

 of about 29 square miles, and is the center for 

 British commerce with Japan, and a naval and 

 military station of the first class. The popu- 

 lation in 1891 was 221,411, of whom 8,545 were 

 white and 212,846 colored. Of the colored pop- 

 ulation, 210,995 were Chinese, one third being 

 British subjects, and 1,901 Indians, and of the 

 white population about one half are Portuguese 

 and one third English. In 1890 the Chinese 

 immigration was 101,147, and the emigration 

 42,066. The Governor, Sir William Robin- 

 son, is assisted by an Executive Council com- 

 posed of the officer commanding the troops 

 and 4 civil members, and by a Legislative Council 

 composed of 6 official and 5 nonofficial mem- 

 bers, of whom 3, including a Chinaman, are 

 nominated by the Crown and 1 is nominated 

 by the Chamber of Commerce and 1 by the 

 Justices of the Peace. The revenue in 1890 

 from ordinary sources was 1,995,220, and from 

 premiums from land 16,638; while the expend- 

 iture for ordinary purposes was 1,517,843, and 

 for extraordinary purposes 397,507, including 

 defensive works. The revenue is derived mostly 

 from land taxes and licenses, and an opium 

 monopoly. In December, 1890, the assets of the 

 colony exceeded its liabilities by 399,732. The 

 exports to Great Britain, consisting principally 

 of tea. silk, hemp, and copper, amounted to 

 1,225,064 in 1890, and the imports to 2,528,- 

 212. . The number of vessels entered in 1890 

 was 4,114, of 4,893,733 tons, and in addition 

 there were 23,512 junks, of 1,795,261 tons. 



