HAWAII. 



333 



who are elected by all citizens possessing certain 



edm -at i"iial qualifications. The 4 ministers have 



Mil'iy and votes on all questions 



one of want of confidence. The Nobles 



.ftcd for six years, one third every two 



.UK! the Representatives for each biennial 



.nil-lit. Volunteer military organizations 



an- interdicted, and the only armed lorce main- 



tainrd by the Government is the household 



guard of the Queen, numbering 65 men. 



Area and Population. The area of all the 

 islands is (5,640 square miles. The population 

 rtained by the census of 1890 was 89,990, 

 consisting of 58,714 males and 31,276 females, 

 compared with 80,578 in 1884, consisting of 51,- 

 f);!'.i males and 29,039 females. In 1890 there 

 were :54,436 natives, 6,186 half-castes, 7,495 of 

 American and European descent, 15,301 Chinese, 

 rj.oiit) Japanese, 8,602 Portuguese, 1,928 Amer- 

 icans, 1,344 British, 1,034 Germans, 588 Poly- 

 nesians, 227 Norwegians, 70 French, and 4i9 

 other foreigners. Since 1884 the native popula- 

 tion has decreased 5,578. In 1890 there were 

 2,484 arrivals and 1,852 departures, or a net im- 

 migration of 632. The bulk of the immigration 

 is from China and Japan. The capital is Hono- 

 lulu, the chief seaport, on the island of Oahu. 

 The people are Christians, and are divided among 

 the principal creeds as follow : Protestants, 29,- 

 685 ; Roman Catholics, 20,072 ; Mormons, 3,576 ; 

 undesignated, 30,821. There were 178 schools, 

 with 10,000 pupils, in 1890. The Government 

 spent $326,922 on education. 



Finances. The revenue for the biennial peri- 

 od of 1888-'90 was $3.632,197, and the expendi- 

 ture $3,250,510. For 1890-'92 the revenue was 

 estimated at $2,862,502, and expenditure at 

 $2,853,116. The customs receipts for 1888-'90 

 were $1,082,766, and the internal revenue $901,- 

 803. The expenditure of the Interior Depart- 

 ment was $1,180,123. The debt in 1890 was 

 $2,599,502, paying from 5 to 7 per cent, interest. 



Commerce and Production. The soil is 

 volcanic, and exceedingly fertile. The chief 

 products are sugar and rice. The total imports 

 in 1890 were valued at $6,962,000, and the ex- 

 ports at $13,023,000. The sugar exports were 

 18,169,585; rice. $545,239 ; bananas, $176,351 ; 

 hides. $70,949. The imports consist of provi- 

 sions and groceries, clothing, cereals, timber, 

 machinery, and cotton cloth. Nine tenths of 

 the foreign trade is with the United States. 



The number of vessels entered in 1890 was 

 295, of 230,120 tons. There are 20 steamers and 

 28 sailing vessels plying between the different 

 islands. The total number of vessels belonging 

 to the islands was 57 in 1889, of 15,403 tons. 

 The principal islands are connected by telegraph 

 caliles. The total length of telegraphs is L'50 

 miles. The number of letters, etc., sent through 

 the post office for the two years 1889-'90 was 

 :5.1. in.! 1:54. Honolulu, with 20.487 inhabitants, 

 has a very complete system of telephones, and is 

 lighted by electricity. The legal currency since 

 1884 is United States gold coin for all sums over 

 $10. and United States and Hawaiian silver for 

 smaller amounts. There is no paper currency 

 except, certificates for coin in the treasury. 



Political Events. The biennial elections in 

 February, 1892, resulted in the return of a ma- 

 jority for the Government to the Legislature. 



There was much discontent with the ministry, 

 and on March 28 a rising under the lead of 

 Robert Wilcox was expected to take place. Tlio 

 approaches to the palace were fortified with 

 breastworks of sand-bags, but no attack was 

 made, the malcontents being deterred probably 

 by the presence in the harbor of the United 

 States war ships "San Francisco" and "Iro- 

 quois." On Aug. 30, in consequence of a vote 

 of want of confidence, the Cabinet resigned, and 

 from the leading members of the Opposition a 

 new one was constituted as follows: Premier 

 and Minister of Finance, Edward Macfarlane; 

 Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Parker: Minis- 

 ter of the Interior, Mr. Gulick; Attorney-Gen- 

 eral, Mr. Neumann. On Oct. 17 this Cabinet 

 was defeated on a vote of confidence by a ma- 

 jority of 81 to 15. 



A Revolution. The hope that Queen Liliuo- 

 kalani would follow a more enlightened policy 

 than her brother was disappointed when sne en- 

 tered upon a conflict, soon after her accession, 

 with the Cabinet, which, though supported bv a 

 large majority, was compelled to retire. The 

 Queen and her party championed the interests 

 of the natives as opposed to those of the foreign- 

 born element, and the new Cabinet that she ap- 

 pointed obtained a majority in the Legislature. 

 The financial and internal policy of this sub- 

 servient ministry created misgivings among the 

 property-holders and capitalists. Three parties 

 were represented in the Legislature: the Mis- 

 sionary Reform party, as it was called, which had 

 carried out the revolution of 1887; the Liberal 

 party, which represented the natives and the 

 working classes ; and the National Reform par- 

 ty, which was elected by a coalition with the Re- 

 form party. In the successive changes that 

 were made in the Cabinet, the Queen, through 

 her arbitrary selection, dictated by an unpopu- 

 lar favorite called Bolabola, prevented the regu- 

 lar and constitutional solution of the questions 

 that were before the countrv. Her last Cabinet 

 was taken mainly from the Reform party, which 

 was in the minority, but which by its influence 

 and power compelled the Queen to turn to its 

 moderate and experienced men for guidance, for 

 fear of losing her throne. Soon she began to 

 listen to other advisers, and conceived the idea 

 of regaining the royal powers that Kalnkaua had 

 surrendered with the support of the native race. 

 The Legislature, on Jan. 11, 1893, passed by a 

 bare majority a bill granting the privilege of 

 establishing a lottery on the promise of an an- 

 nual payment of $500,000 to the Government. 

 The ministers refused to sign this bill, for which 

 only one white man had voted, and on Jan. 12, by 

 the same majority, a vote of want of confidence 

 was carried, only nine days liefore the date set for 

 the prorogation of Parliament. The Queen 

 signed the lottery bill on Jan. 14, and proiu sed 

 to promulgate a "new Constitution in which she 

 assumed absolute authority. This net the new 

 ministers declined to approve. Yet on Jan. 15, 

 after the prorogation of Parliament, she at- 

 tempted to proclaim the Constitution, and ap- 

 pealed to the natives and half-castes to sustain 

 her. This instrument deprived foreign-born 

 citizens of the right of snfTnure. and suppressed 

 the existing House of Nobles, but empowered 

 the Queen to create a new one. Judges of the 



