HAWAII 



IIAYTI. 



.{.5.1 



.li.hn F. Colburn, Minister of the Interior; and 



Arthur I'. Peterson, Attorney-General. 



Tin 1 Government assumed formal control of 



.unvaiul barracks. The ex-Queen retired 



to IHT private residence at Washington Place, 



ami tin- (Jo\ eminent granted her an honorary 



guard. The household guards were paid off and 



disbanded. A strong force of volunteers took 



-ion of all the Government buildings. 



J'he Kxrcutive Council issued a proclamation of 



martial law, and J. II. Soper, in command of all 



the armed troops on the island, published the 



following notice: 



I'mler martial law. every person found upon the 



i-r in any public place, between the Lours of 



M. and 5 A. M. will be liable to arrest, unless 



iiri'Ulcil \vitli a pass from the Commander-in-Chief, 



.1.1 1. Soper. Gathering of crowds is prohibited. Any 



one disturbing the peace or disobeying orders is liable 



to summary arrest without warrant. By order of the 



Executive Committee. 



The United Stales steamer " Boston " arrived 

 in port on Saturday, at the time when the 

 Queen was on the point of promulgating the 

 new Constitution without the sanction of her 

 ministers. On the same day, after the publica- 

 tion of the revolutionary manifesto, 300 marines 

 ami sailors were landed to protect American 

 property. The marines, armed with rifles, 

 guarded the American legation, while the sail- 

 ors, with 2 Gatling guns, took position before 

 the house where the Committee of Safety was in 

 session. 



The ex-Queen, after her surrender, issued the 

 following protest, dated Jan. 17, in which she 

 held the United States minister responsible for 

 her downfall : 



I, Liliuokalani, by the grace of God and under the 

 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom Queen, do 

 hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts 

 done against myself and the Constitutional Govern- 

 ment of the Hawaiian kingdom by certain persons 

 claiming to have established a Provisional Govern- 

 ment of and for this kingdom. 



That I yield to the superior force of the United 



of America, whose minister plenipotentiary, 



\cellency John L. Stevens, has caused United 



States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared 



that he would support the said Government. 



Now, to avoid any collision of armed forces and 

 perhaps loss of life, I do under this protest, and im- 

 pelled by said force, yield my authority until such 

 time as the Government of the Dnited States shall, 

 upon facts being presented to it, undo the acts of its 

 representatives, and reinstate me in the authority 

 which I claim as constitutional sovereign of the 

 Hawaiian Islands. 



The programme of the Provisional Govern- 

 ment was to maintain peace and to carry on the 

 public business until a treaty of annexation to 

 the United States could be negotiated. 



The Tlawaiian steamer ''Claudine" was char- 

 tered, which left Honolulu on Jan. 19, with 5 

 commissioners, who were instructed to go to 

 Washington and negotiate a treaty of annexa- 

 tion. The commissioners were : Lorrin A. 

 Thurston, William C. Wilder, William R. Caset, 

 Charles L. Carter, and Joseph Marsden. The 

 " Claudine " also brought representatives of the 

 deposed Queen to lay her protest before the 

 United States Government. 



IIAYTI, a republic of the West Indies occu- 

 pying the western part of the inland of Hayti. 

 The legislative powers are vested by the Consti- 

 tution of 1867 in a National Assembly consist- 

 ing of a Senate and a House of Representatives. 

 The members of the House are elected directly 

 by the suffrage of all adult males who are en- 

 gaged in a regular occupation. Their term is 

 five years. The Senators are chosen for six 

 years by the House of Representatives, from two 

 lists made up by the Executive and electoral 

 colleges, and one third go out ever) two years. 

 Their number is 30. The President, according 

 to the Constitution, is required to be elected for 

 seven years by the popular vote ; but most of the 

 recent Presidents have been elected by the Na- 

 tional Assembly or by party conventions or have 

 been proclaimed by the troops. Gen. Hippolyte 

 assumed the presidency in October, 1892. 



Area and Population. The Haytians are a 

 negro people, the descendants of slaves who 

 were made free by the French revolution when 

 Hayti was a colony of France. There are very 

 few persons of European descent, and these are 

 mostly resident traders from foreign countries. 

 About nine tenths of the native people are black, 

 and the rest are colored. The population is esti- 

 mated to number 572,000, living on an area of 

 10,204 square miles. The common people speak 

 a scarcely intelligible^a/ots called Creole French. 

 The educated class is trained after French meth- 

 ods, a considerable proportion receiving their 

 schooling in France. Elementary education, 

 though free, is not general, except in the towns. 

 There are 400 public schools and 5 lycles. The 

 army has a legal strength of 6,828, besides the 

 guard of the Government, a body of 600 soldiers 

 commanded by 10 generals. 



Finances. The chief sources of revenue are 

 the duties on imports and exports, which 

 amounted to 5,780,404 and 2,820,554 piasters or 

 dollars respectively in 1890. The total revenue 

 in 1888 was $8,047,768. The foreign debt was re- 

 ported in 1887 to be $4,320,000, and the internal 

 debt $9,180,000. The paper currency in circula- 

 tion in 1891 amounted to about $5,000,000. 



Commerce and Production. The imports 

 for 1889 amounted to $6,000,000, and the exports 

 to $12,000,000. In 1890 the imports were valued 

 at $19,500,000 and the exports at $15,000.000. 

 The export of coffee was 60,000,000 pounds; of 

 logwood, 200,000,000 pounds ; of cacao, 4,900,000 

 pounds; of cotton, 2,400,000 pounds ; of mahog- 

 any, 50,000 feet, There were 694 vessels, of 

 779,676 tons, entered at the three principal 

 ports in 1890. During that year the post office 

 forwarded 479,996 letters and other pieces of 

 mail matter. 



Political Situation. In the latter part of 

 1892 a restless and unsettled political condition 

 was manifested in the centers remote from the 

 capital, both north and south, but especially 

 in the north, where the leaders were dissatis- 

 fied with the President, whom they had fought 

 to place in power, because in the distribution 

 of offices he had preferred his old enemies of 

 the south, and had filled his Cabinet with men 

 who had fought ngninst him under Ix'gitime. 

 The exiled aspirants for the succession Manigat, 

 Piquant, and L^gitiine were said to have sunk 

 their rivalries and formed a compact. They 



