

360 



ITALY. 



The reigning King is Umberto I, born March 

 14, 1844, the eldest son of King Vittorio Ema- 

 nuele I], who died Jan. 9, 1878. The heir-ap- 

 parent is Vittorio Einanuele, Prince of Naples, 

 born Nov. 11, 1869. The ministry in the begin- 

 ning of 1892 was composed of the following 

 members : President of the Council and Minister 

 of Foreign Affairs, Starrabara di Rudini, ap- 

 pointed Feb. 9. 1891 ; Minister of the Interior, 

 Giovanni Nicotera; Minister of Finance, Giu- 

 seppe Colombo ; Minister of the Treasury Luigi 

 Luzatti ; Minister of Justice and of Ecclesias- 

 tical Affairs, Bruno Chimirri, appointed Dec. 

 81, 1891; Minister of War, Gen. Luigi Pelloux; 

 Minister of Marine, Vice-Adrairal Pacoret de 

 Saint Bon ; Minister of Commerce, Industry, 

 and Agriculture, Marquis di Rudini, appointed 

 ad interim, Dec. 31, 1891 ; Minister of Public 

 Instruction, Pasquale Villari ; Minister of Pub- 

 lic Works, Ascanio Branco; Minister of Posts 

 and Telegraphs ad interim, Ascanio Branco. 



Area and Population. The area of Italy is 

 286,588 square kilometres, according to a recent 

 survey, and the population, on Dec. 31, 1890, 

 was 30,158.408. The administrative divisions of 

 Italy are provinces, territories, districts, and 

 communes. There are 69 provinces, of which 60 

 are divided into 197 territories, and 9 into 87 

 districts ; these are divided again into com- 

 munes, which numbered 8,253 in 1891. In 1890, 

 100,259 people emigrated to the different Euro- 

 pean countries, 48,019 to the United States, 41,- 

 352 to the Argentine Republic, Paraguay, and 

 Uruguay, 20,493 to Brazil and other countries 

 in South and Central America and Mexico, 

 2,020 to Africa, and 548 to Asia and Australia. 

 The population of the principal cities and towns 

 in the beginning of 1891 was as follows : Naples, 

 530,872; Rome, 423,217; Milan, 414,551 ; Turin, 

 320,808; Palermo, 267,416; Genoa, 206,485; 

 Florence, 191,453; Venice, 158,019; Bologna, 

 143,607; Messina, 142,000; Catania, 109,687; 

 Leghorn, 104,960. 



Finances. The budget estimate of revenue 

 for the financial year ending June 30, 1892, was 

 1,775,123,004 lire, and the estimated expenditure 

 was 1,780,942,130 lire, leaving a deficit of 5,819,- 

 126 lire. In the public accounts the receipts 

 and expenditures are divided into four cate- 

 gories : (1) Effective receipts and expenditures ; 

 (2) movement of capital ; (3) construction of 

 railroads, etc. ; (4) receipts (Tordre. In the 

 first category the ordinary receipts amounted to 

 1,543.622,745 lire, and the extraordinary receipts 

 to 12,300,636 lire ; the expenditures were figured 

 at 1,550,391,896 lire, thus showing a surplus of 

 5,531,485 lire. The receipts and expenditures of 

 the second category are classed as extraordinary ; 

 the former amounted to 31,867,161 lire, and the 

 latter to 43,217,772 lire, thus leaving a deficit of 

 11,350,611 lire. In the third category, where 

 receipts and expenditures are also extraordinary, 

 the receipts amounted to 82,944,161 and the 

 expenditures to 82,944,814 lire, snowing a defi- 

 cit of 653 lire. The fourth category embraces 

 the working expenses of the state domains, in- 

 terest on the funds for securing paper money, 

 treasury deposits, loans for pensions, and other 

 items ; receipts balance expenditures in this 

 category, amounting to 104,387,648 lire. 



The interest on the consolidated debt for 



1890- '91, at 5, and a small part at 3 per cent,, 

 amounted to 449,142,335 lire. The interest on 

 debts separately inscribed, paying 3 to 5 per 

 cent., amounted to 20,138,439 lire, and the sink- 

 ing fund to 1,039,969 lire ; while the interest on 

 various other debts at 3 to 6 per cent, amounted 

 to 96,487,707 lire, and the sinking fund to 329,- 

 747 lire. The interest on the floating debt, con- 

 sisting of treasury bonds, current accounts, and 

 bank advances, was 13,113,635 lire, which, with 

 the permanent annuity to the Holy See of 3,- 

 225,000 lire, brought up the total interest of the 

 public debt to 582,107,116 lire. The capital of 

 the consolidated and redeemable debt amounted 

 to 11,800,454,529 lire in 1891. The property of 

 the state amounted to 6,819,243,094 lire on June 

 30, 1890, and consisted of financial assets to the 

 value of 617,245,058 lire ; loans and real prop- 

 erty, etc., 750,456,209 lire; property of an in- 

 dustrial nature, 3,548,791,209 lire ; material in 

 use in the army and navy, 185,072,516 lire ; and 

 property used in the service of the state, 1,717,- 

 678,102 lire. The revenue from the state prop- 

 erty for the year 1889-'90 was 88,267,388 lire, of 

 which 72,235,321 lire were derived from the 

 railroads, 3,974,316 lire from ecclesiastical prop- 

 erty, and 12,057,751 lire from other sources. 



The Army. The total aggregate nominal 

 strength of the Italian army in the beginning 

 of 1891 was 2,844.339 men. Of this number, 14,- 

 508 officers and 261,505 men were on active duty 

 in the permanent army, while 11,686 officers and 

 566,152 men were on unlimited leave of absence; 

 4,012 officers and 445,004 men belonged to the 

 mobile militia, and 5,250 officers and 1,547,908 

 men were in the territorial militia. Service in 

 the army is compulsory, and extends over a 

 period of nineteen years. About 200.000 recruits 

 are levied annually, and are divided into three 

 categories ; 82,000 men are drafted into the per- 

 manent army, and the remainder distributed 

 among the mobile and the territorial militia. 

 By the law of 1891, the annual contingent of the 

 first category is increased to 95,000 men. The 

 time of service in the standing army for the first 

 category is five years for the infantry, four years 

 for the cavalry, and three years for other branch- 

 es ; they are then enrolled in the permanent 

 army under unlimited leave ; and after the ex- 

 piration of four years for the infantry and five 

 years for the cavalry they are transferred to the 

 territorial militia. Those belonging to the other 

 arms are enrolled for five or six years in the per- 

 manent, army and twelve years in the mobile 

 militia, and are then transferred to the territori- 

 al militia. The recruits of the second category 

 are attached for eight years to the permanent 

 army and for four years to the mobile militia, 

 and then enter the territorial militia. The men of 

 the third category immediately form part of the 

 territorial militia, but are given unlimited leave 

 of absence. 



The Navy. The Italian navy consisted, on 

 Jan. 1, 1891, of 12 men-of-war of the first class, 

 14 of the second class, and 21 of the third class; 

 of 16 transport ships, 6 school ships, 5 ships for 

 local defense, and 50 local vessels ; 6 lagoon gun- 

 boats, 7 torpedo cruisers, and 61 ocean torpedo 

 vessels; 38 torpedo boats of the first class, 21 of 

 the second class, and 12 steam torpedo barges. 

 There were building 1 ironclad of the first class, 



