JAPAN. 



160 



Adding these columns, after including the 



,.t i rade with about 20 other countries, we 



find tin- total valuation of imports (177,915,627) 



ami exports ($62,927,895) (except goods for use 



$1 lo.s i-j.s'.i;,. In the table of imports 

 ild ami silver Great Britain leads with 

 ' .-.'I'J: China pays x:!. -I'.Ct.li^J ; the L'niird 

 .JJSl.S^UlMi: anil l'.riti*h India, $1,441,000. 

 In exports. 1*91, silk figured at $:$s,.VVv:iM. "I 

 which *:!','. 1 ?."),s!H wa* lor raw product and 

 .11:; for manufactured articles; grain, 

 jflii.ii:;:;,tr.7: drugs, $2,500,116; metals, $5,409,- 

 tea, S;.O;;:;.(I.->M: ,-, al, $4,749,732; porce- 

 lain, etc.. 10,070,681. Of imports, the principal 

 articles and values were: Machinery, etc., $4,- 

 H: druirs, $2,225,707; dyes and paints, 

 ^l.-Jls.tjiil ; grain and seeds, $6,106,537; metals 

 and metal work, *5,141.N!I2 ; oil and wax, $4,- 

 971,784; sugar, $7,811,807; raw cotton, $8,199,- 

 251 ; textiles, $15,620,732; sundries, $2,248,494. 

 In kerosene oil the import has diminished, chiefly 

 at the expense of the United States, as Russia 

 now supplies one fifth of the whole amount. The 

 import market for two years is thus shown : 



The total bulk, 40,984,206 gallons, was valued 

 at s 4.525.<il5, of which ( J,978,180 gallons, valued 

 at $853.385, were Russian. In the iron trade, ex- 

 cept nails and a few rails, Great Britain has the 

 monopoly. In spite of the great, enterprise shown 

 and the money expended by the Japanese in 

 opening new markets, the tea exported, with the 

 exception of that sent to their old customers, 

 A nu-rica, China, Corea. and Great Britain, reached 

 a value of less than $3,000 for all grades of leaf, 

 dust, and lump tea. 



Agriculture and Industry. The condition 

 of native industry and the manufacture of arti- 

 cles intended for home consumption is shown in 

 the comparative tables given in the "Resume 

 Statistique," now annually published in Tokio. 

 In 1*87 the land under arable cultivation was 

 nearly 12.000,000 acres, of which 60 per cent, was 

 cultivated by proprietors and 40 per cent, by 

 tenant farmers. Between the years 1880 and 

 1890 the total cereal product annually varied 

 from 50,000,000 to 80,000,000 bushels, the crop in 

 ISIMI l,,.in,r 54,000,000 bushels. The increase of 

 oxen and horses does not keep pace with that of 

 the population, though steam transit, by land and 

 sea partly accounts for it. In 1889, 1,021,503 

 cattle and 1.. "ill. 342 horses were owned. Of tea, 

 in 1889 over 55.260,512 pounds were raised, much 

 being consumed beyond the reported figures. Of 

 .sake, in 1890, 152.689,040 gallons were brewed, 

 the industry employing 950,7(53 person*. Tex- 

 tiles to the value of "$3,640,667 were reported in 

 1889; ceramics, $3,208.392: pipes, $1,840.'.. ) :>!I. 

 In mining, which is under private enterprise, tin- 

 state having abandoned this industry in 1884, 

 the chief metals brought up and refined are sil- 

 ver, iron, and copper. In 1887, 865,189 person* 

 employed 277,698 fishing boats, the marine prod- 



ucts of all sorts being valued in 1889 at $11,015.- 

 851, among which sardines to the weight of 

 nearly 2-lO,0<H),000 |x>und are noted. Ii 

 90,000,000 bushel* of M,|I w.-p- manufactured, 

 chielly from sea brine, by evaporation on Hand 

 meadows covering l'..?2N acre*, followed by 

 leaching and reduction. 



In her foreign exhibits Japan has been repre- 

 sented 14 times, the largest quantity of ex- 

 hiliits, weighing 425 tons, having been sent to 

 the Philadelphia Centennial ExpoMtion. For 

 Chicago, instead of the 1,000 tons expected tolx- 

 sent, 6,638 tons were forthcoming. For the 50,- 

 350 cubic feet allowed for exhibits and 84,000 

 feet for buildings, selling booths, etc., the au- 

 thorities have permitted the export of only 1.750 

 tons, the reduction not being made at a uniform 

 rate, but guided by the articles themselves, of 

 the World's Fair Commission in Chicago, Mr. S. 

 Tejima is commissioner, who has T. Uchida and 

 Y. Yambei for his secretaries, and 25 workmen, 

 with architect, superintendent of construction. 

 etc. The Japanese building is modeled after 

 the famous Phoenix Palace in Kioto, the three 

 portions being devoted to the art of the Tokugawa 

 (1604-1868). Ashikaga (1333-1573), and the Fuji- 

 wara (9th to 14th century) period. 



Transportation. In the development of her 

 railway system and the common roads, Japan is 

 providing not only for her military but also her 

 commercial necessities. On Sept. 30, 1891, there 

 wen- in the railways owned by the Government 

 s:!2.7(iO.N40 invested, the length projected being 

 551 miles. But most of the railroads are owned 

 by private corporations, of which 12 ure in actual 

 operation, with a total capital of $77.590.000. 

 and an expense of *20.951,112., The Jength of 

 finished road in the empire is 1,698 miles, the 

 amount expended being $53,711,952. The roll- 

 ing stock, consisting of 186 engines, 900 passen- 

 ger and 2,791 freight cars, conveyed, in 1891, 

 20,700,327 persons, and about "3,000,000.000 

 pounds of freight and baggage, 5.303,301 miles. 

 The total receipts were $6,495,850, and expenses 

 s:;.ii29.942. The vehicles drawn or propelled by 

 man. horse, ox, and dog power numbered, in 

 1889. 934,784. On the water, in 1889, 564 steam 

 vessels, of 88,816 tons and of 88,816 horse power, 

 with 843 vessels in European style, of B 

 tons, were owned by Japanese. iVsides 18,796 

 sail ing vessels of native desitrn. with a capacity 

 of 16,380,790 bushels, and (il ?.!(>() Miiall boats. 

 Total number of iron ships, 93 ; of iron covered 

 with wood. 14. First class men-of-war and com- 

 mercial ships are now designed and built by the 

 Japanese. The commercial marine, on ships of 

 European form, comprises 7,988 men, of whom 

 159 are foreigners. Of shipwrecks, 335, with 1 14 

 deaths, are reported for 1889. In the national 

 lighthouse system, Jan. 1, 1891, are 85 lights 

 permanently maintained, an increase of s in 

 1891 being noted, besides 55 local beacons, with 

 sirens, foghorns, meteorological stations, daily 

 weather reports, signals, etc. In 1889, 183.i><x>.- 

 105 letters and papers were carried in the 

 mails, 8.332,687 telegraphic dispatches sent and 

 received, of which 88,881 were to or from foreign 

 countries. 



Political Administration. On the pay n>:i 

 of the National Government in 1890 were the 

 names of 50,300 civil servants, of whom 160 



