LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



411 



produced. His " Uougeon-Macquart " .-cries is 

 !,. tight l.i ;i clo>e. 1'uul Boiirget's "La 

 has won high Braise as a "wel- 

 come relief from the gross realism that has per- 

 vaded French literature during the last twenty 

 " Of the usual largo number of poetical 

 works may be named I,es Pages," by Stephane 

 Mallarmc, \\!i<> has published also " Vers et 

 l'nc," etc., and whose writing has given rise 

 in much passionate discussion pro and con, 

 although his purity of motive seems to be gen- 

 er.-illy respected ; a volume by Albert Mockel, 

 de-erilicd a< a "symbolist"; Verlaine's two last 

 volumes, "Chansons pour Elle" and "MesHopi- 

 taux " ; Applet on's dramatic adaptation of Long- 

 fellow's " Evangeline " ; and the fanciful produc- 

 tion, "Chats et Chattes." Auguste Vacquerie 

 and Paul Meurice have issued another one of 

 Victor Hugo's unpublished works, " Dieu," a 

 quasi-philosophical poem in which Hugo aims 

 to arrive at a conception of the Godhead, and 

 concludes that through death alone can we get 

 to know Him as He is, thus tending to demon- 

 si rat e the immortality of the soul. The dramatic 

 literature published during the year includes the 

 Theatre of Octave Feuillet, Francois Coppee, 

 Ferdinand Dugue, Gondinet, and Jean Jullien ; 

 and Maurice Boucher's fine "Michel Lando." 

 Translations seem to have come into vogue on 

 the stage, Ibsen, among others, having been 

 brought before the Parisian public in his " Wild 

 Duck," " Ghosts," and " Rosmersholm." 



(crinany. This country is ever productive 

 in the fields of history and antiquarian research. 

 Here, too, national history receives a fair share 

 of attention. Ditmar's scholarly "Deutsche 

 Geschichte " and Bruno Gebhardt's " Handbuch 

 der deutschen Geschichte," more popular in 

 style : Karl Lamprecht's" Deutsche Geschichte" 

 (Vols. II and III), in which the author continues 

 to bring the past vividly before us ; and " Deut- 

 sches Leben im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert," which 

 Prof. Alwin Schultz has begun issuing, have 

 been favorably criticised. The very important 

 work, "Regesta imperii . . ., nach . . . dem 

 Nachlasse J. P. Bohmer's hrsg. und erganzt 

 von Julius Ficker und Ed. Winkelmann, has 

 been completed. Other contributions to German 

 history are Horst Kohl's " Bismarck-Gedenk- 

 buch" (a selection of utterances by the ex-chan- 

 cellor, whose speeches already fill fourteen vol- 

 umes) ; Moltke's writings (" Gesammelte Schrift- 

 en und Denkwllrdigkeiten," in seven volumes) ; 

 and Moltke's "Taktische Aiifgaben, 1858-'82," 

 issued by the Gfrosse Generalstab. F. Krones has 

 drawn on the Archduke Johann's letters and 

 other papers for information regarding the his- 

 tory of Austria, with especial reference to the 

 Tyrol ese rebellion against the French ; F. Gre- 

 gorovius's " Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte der 

 Cultur " is completed with the third volume ; W. 

 Miiller has prepared a political history of 1891 : 

 Vol. II of the "Quellen zur Geschichte der 

 Juden in Deutschland " has appeared ; Moritz 

 Bmseh has brought out Vol. VII (1603-'88) of 

 the " Geschichte Englands " (begun by Lappen- 

 berg and Pauli, both now deceased); and G. 

 Wendt, a book on the historvand Constitution of 

 the same country; Vol. IV of Alfons Huber's 

 history of Austria has appeared: and a mono- 

 graph on " Die Entscheidungskampfe im Chi- 



lenischen Bllrgerkriege" is of interest on account 

 of the German element in Chili and its army. 

 German historians have naturally coiitrilmted 

 their quota to the literature called forth by the 



Juadricenteiiary of the discovery of America, 

 s. Rein atid Itch. Schillmann have written 

 monographs on Columbus; the committee on 

 the "America Celebration" in Hamburg has is- 

 sued " llamburgische Festschrift zur Erinnerung 

 an die Entdeckung Amerika's " (two volumes) ; 

 Konrad Kretschmar's "Die Entdeckung Ameri- 

 ka's " forms the " Festschrift der Gesellschaft 

 fUr Erdkunde zu Berlin. Zur 400-jahrigen 

 Feier der Entdeckung Amerika's"; while a 

 private "Festschrift" appears in "Amerika,"a 

 profusely illustrated compilation in two volumes 

 by liudolf Cronau, the artist. Of books of trav- 

 el, we mention Theod. Noldeke's "Orientalische 

 Skizzen," and Wilh. Junker's " Reisen in Afrika" 

 (1891) ; and it need hardly be added that Ger- 

 many's movements in the "Dark Continent" 

 have called forth a number of publications mainly 

 of ethnographical or political interest. There 

 seems to be no end to the making of books of a 

 biographical or quasi- biographical character. Of 

 political memoirs there are the " Denkwlirdig- 

 keiten aus dem Leben des General-Feldmar- 

 schalls Kriegsministers Grafen von Roon" (two 

 volumes); and the " DenkwQrdigkeiten " of 

 Leopold von Gerlach, a general of infantry 

 under Friedrich Wilhelm IV, dealing princi- 

 pally with the period of the Crimean War. 

 Monographs on historical personages of past 

 centuries are furnished by Adolf Hausrath 

 (" Arnold von Brescia, 1891)," Heinrich Ulmann 

 (Emperor "Maximilian I," 1891, two volumes), 

 Richard Hirsch (" Louis VII of France "), and 

 Alexander Baumgartner (" Gallus Jakob Baum- 

 gartner," dealing with the development of Switz- 

 erland, 1797-1869). Autobiographies of Julius 

 Frobel (1891, two volumes), the late Heinrich 

 Schliemann ( the one included in " Ilios " 

 completed by Sophie Schliemann), Georg Ebers, 

 the late Werner von Siemens (" Lebenserinner- 

 ungen") and the late Anton Springer, the 

 well-known authority on art, have appeared. 

 Friedrich von Flotow's widow has written 

 the composer's life; J. E. Kuntze gives a 

 sympathetic account of the versatile and 

 clever physicist Gustav Theodor Fechner ; R. 

 Haym is the author of a life of the learned 

 historian Max Duncker ; and C. v. Fabriczy 

 has furnished a volume on l> Filippo Bru- 

 nelleschi." A number of biographies are de- 

 voted to theologians : George Evers has published 

 the sixth and last volume of his life of Luther; 

 the life of Karl Gerok who had much influence 

 as a preacher and Christian poet in Swabia has 

 been written by Gustav Gerok : Vol. I of Otto 

 Ritschl's life of Albert Ritschl is out; Erail 

 Michael's " Ignaz von Dollinger (second edition) is 

 a Roman Catholic view of the famous theologian ; 

 and the memoirs of the late Karl Hase (the 

 " Protestant Pope ''). " Annalen meines Lebens," 

 have been published. The contributions to lit- 

 erary biography are likewise plentiful. Jacob 

 Minor has continued his life of Schiller, and 

 Erich Schmidt's comprehensive one of Lessing 

 is completed. 



Heine's nephew, Baron Ludwig von Embden, 

 has published "Heinrich Heine's Familienle- 



