LITERATURE, CONTINENTAL. 



419 



" I'nhorscd," I'V Sygietyiiski, arc directed against, 

 tin' moral shortcotningsof tin- nobility in (Jalicia 

 and other parts of Poland. The popular writer 

 of historical no\el>, A. Kivchowiccki. leave- p,-i-t 

 ;..r tin- present time in " The Youngest," 

 while K. Hojun, like Esteja (in the two .stories 

 mentioned above), lays the scene of his "Tymku 

 Medier" in North America. X. Cwirko's " When 

 Happiness is gone," A. Koiiar's Tl.e Bankrupt," 

 Mis." by (i. .M\!-iel, Fran MarremVs "January," 

 ami "The Club of Mice," by Abgar-Sottan, 

 should also be noted ; while decided ability is 

 shown bv A. Nossig in his "John the Prophet," 

 M> by W. Los, who has published " Aris- 

 tocraey and Plutocracy," "lhe Secret of the 

 Hussars," and " The Nocturne of Chopin." As 

 in Hungary, the novelette and short story are 

 very much in vogue, and cultivated with de- 

 cided success, notably by the younger element. 

 \\ e mite a considerable number who have made 

 a reputation in this field: Gawalewicz. who has 

 issued ' From my Album " and " The Wife " ; M. 

 Pawlikowski (Marck Polnicz), characterized as 

 ' thoughtful and patriotic " ; Ostoja, an authoress 

 with a very masculine style: G. J. Lentowski ; 

 and B. Prus, noted for his wit. Among those 

 whose literary debut isof more recent occurrence, 

 we have the late M. Czerneda, whose clever and 

 sympathetic sketches of low life have been pub- 

 lished posthumously; C. Walewska; W. Los: 

 Nau"da, with realistic tendencies; Z. Niedz- 

 wiecki, who has been much influenced by French 

 realism ; S. Rossowski ; and J. Rutkowski, whose 

 " delicacy of touch " has won commendation. 



Poetical literature has been enriched by the 

 posthumous publication of two poems written 

 nil a century ago by the late Bohdan Zaleski, a 

 Polish author of great renown. One of these, 

 " The Campaign of Zbaraz," has been called a 

 veritable masterpiece. In this department, too, 

 a number of young authors have made their first 

 appearance, with work of much promise : S. Ros- 

 sowski, whose verses are marked, like his stories, 

 by truth and delicacy of feeling; A. Fredro, a 

 keen satirist ; K. Tetmajer, who is happiest in 

 hi- expressions of patriotism ; and J. Styka, who 

 had already gained a reputation in the sister art 

 of painting. There have been a few noteworthy 

 additions to dramatic literature. "The Cradle 

 of the Nation," by Adam Belcikowski, and " The 

 Fatherland," by Orsza, were " crowned " by the 

 competition committee of the Diet of Ga'licia. 

 K. Lubowski's "A Plaything" dealing with the 

 career of a young woman who, though educated 

 I iy rich friends, becomes utterly degraded under 

 the influence of heredity was exceedingly suc- 

 cessful on the stage; the performance of W. 

 Molly's ' The Demon of Love" was not so well 

 received. 



Russia. Valuable researches into various 

 aspects of Russian history have been made. 

 Vols. LXXVIII-LXXX of the Historical Soci- 

 Bfcy'a Tr<i>i!ir/iiiN contain diplomatic corre- 

 spondence of French and English ambassadors 

 and other documents of lasi century. Paul 

 MilyoukotT has issued "The National Economy 

 of Russia during the First Quarter of the Eight- 

 eenth Century, and the Reforms of Peter the 

 <ire;it"; MasjoftVki. his N..te> on the History 

 of the Art of War in Russia (HJH3-17G2)": N. 

 Kaptereff, " The Relations of Dositheus, the Pa- 



triarch of Jersiialem. with the Russian Govern- 

 ment- (KiliO-170?)"; Prof. Korsakoff, "Out of 

 the Lives of the Russian Men of Action of the 

 Eighteenth Century " ; A. Golubtzoff, an account 

 of the" Debates on Faith.'' to which the wooing 

 of the Czarevna Irene (daughter of the Czar 

 Michael Feodorovitch) by Prince Waldemar of 

 Denmark (1640- '45) gave rise: and P. Bezobra- 

 zolf, a volume on "The Relations between Rus- 

 sia and France" (down to the "Napoleonic 

 Era "). Special periods have also been treated 

 in Barbasheff's ' Sketches of Lithuano-Russian 

 History of the Fifteenth Century," Dovnar Za- 

 polski's " History of the Lands of Krivitchski 

 and Dregovitchski," and Grustchevski's " His- 

 tory of the Land of Kieff," as also in two con- 

 tributions to the history of the nineteenth cen- 

 tury, "Minutes of the Committee of Ministers" 

 (1802-'12) and Djanshieff's "The Epoch of 

 Great Reforms," a volume of articles on the 

 reign of Alexander II. Besides all these, there 

 have appeared biographies of Prince Potemkin, 

 by Bruckner ; of the Empress Maria Feodorovna 

 (wife of the Emperor Paul), by E. Shumit- 

 chorski ; and that of Arsenius Sukhanoff ("one 

 of the authors of the corrections of the Orthodox 

 Greek Psalter which brought about the split in 

 the seventeenth century"), by S. Belokuroff. 

 Other historical works of importance arc 

 Schwarz's on the 'Afo/uai'ai/ iro\fTm, Scheffer's on 

 Athenian citizenship, two Korelin's volumes on 

 " The Early Italian Humanism and its His- 

 toriography " (in which the author has drawn 

 from scarce manuscripts), and Vinogradoff's ex- 

 cellent " Villainage in England." Here mav be 

 mentioned also the fourth volume of the " Rus- 

 sian Antiquities " of Count I. Tolstoi and Kon- 

 dakoff, and N. Pokroffski's valuable work on 

 Christian iconography, which forms the first 

 volume of the Transactions of the Archa?ological 

 Congress at Moscow ; a work on the strategy of 

 the Franco-Prussian War, by N. Michnievitch : 

 W. Ikonnikoffs "Russian Historiography," 

 Vol. I ; and G. Utin's " William I and Bis- 

 marck." A handbook on the Russian laws re- 

 lating to the Jews, by M. Mysch, seems timely. 

 There have appeared a volume on "Socialism." 

 by K. Golovin, and one on " Darwinism," by I. 

 Tshemen ; while among the new philosophical 

 works that deserve notice are A. Kasanki's elab- 

 orate " Teaching of Aristotle on the Value of 

 Experiment with Reference to Knowledge " ; L. 

 Lopatine's dissertation on " The Positive Prob- 

 lems of Philosophy; Part III: The Law of the 

 Connection of Causes the Basis of an Intelligent 

 Knowledge of the Real " ; "The Sources of the 

 Sophists: Plato as an Historical Witness," a 

 not very strong production by A. Guilyaroff ; 

 "Actual Progress and Economic Materialism," 

 by P. NikolavcIT (described as a devoted disciple 

 of Leicester Ward) ; and, best of all. "Positive 

 Philosophy on the Unity of Science." an able 

 criticism of Kant, by B. Tchetcherin. a follower 

 of Hegel. A storm of controversy has been 

 aroused by the newest teachings of Vladimir 

 Solovieff. ' who lias been said to consider the 

 history of society to be simply the story of its 

 gradual assimilat'ion of Christian ideals, and who 

 has now gone further by announcing that the 

 materialistic and socialistic tendencies of to-day 

 must inevitably lead to true Christianity. As 



