OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. (BoTKLER BRADFORD.) 



535 



an<l in 1871 wan chosen Governor of the State H.- 



I thi.- oiliec iii March, 1*74, having been 



luitor as an Antimonopolist. Jlo 



took his scat March '.i, 1*7">, and served till Murch 8, 



While in tin- Senate lu- was a member of the 



committees on Public Lauds, Patent.*. Mines and Min- 



iiiiT. and on Civil Service and Kt.-trrnchnii.-nt. Senator 



iiad spent a laru'c part of recent years in foreign 



travi I. and had visited, a.*, he .-aid, all parts of tin; 



world that he wished to see excepting Alaska. 



Boteler, Alexander E., congressman. !>orn in Shep- 

 hcnUtown, Jcil'crsoii Comity, Va. i now W. Va.), May 

 li'., l*l.~>; died there. May's, 1MI2. Ik- was gradu- 

 ated at Princeton in 1835, and for many years was 

 ciiifiiired iii agriculture and literary work. In 1852 

 he wa*. a \Vhiir presidential elector; in 1856, an 

 American elector; and in 1859 was elected to Con- 

 giv** . u here lie served on the Committee on Military 

 Ath'tirs till his resignation, early in 1801. He en- 

 tered the Confederate army immediately after leaving 

 Ci'iiL'ivss, was for some time a member of Gen. 

 " Stonewall " Jackson's start', and resigned from the 

 army on beini,' elected to the Confederate Congress. 

 After the war he was appointed by President Arthur 

 n member of the Tariff Commission, and subsequently 

 was made pardon clerk in the Department of Justice 

 by Attorney-General Hrcwster. 



Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll, physician, born in Salem, 

 Ma->., AULT. li, IM.IS; died in Boston, Mass., Jan. 14, 

 1892. Ho was graduated at Harvard in 1823, and at 

 its medical school in 1832, and afterward spent two 



Chairman of the State Board of Health, 18G9-'7'J; was 

 apj>ointed member of the National Board of Health in 

 the latter year; was surgeon of enrollment during 

 the civil war; physician at the Massachusetts General 



.il and the Boston City Hospital in 18t>8-'72; 

 and 1'resident of the American Medical Association 

 in 1877. Dr. Bowditch became an active abolitionist 

 immediately after the mobbing of William Lloyd 

 Garrison in 1835. His discovery of the law of soil 

 inoi*tuiv as a cause of consumption in New England 

 gave him wide fame and excited large interest in sci- 

 entific circles. His numerous publications include 

 translations of "Louis on Typhoid" (2 vols., Boston, 

 1836); "Louis on Phthisis" (1836); " Mannoir on 

 Cataract" (1837); "Life of Nathaniel Bowditch" 

 (1841); "The Young Stothoscopist " (1848; 2d ed.. 

 1848); "Life of Lieutenant Nathaniel Bowditch " 

 Q865) ; "Soil Moisture as a Cause of Consumption"; 

 "Public Hygiene in America," a centennial address 

 (187ti) ; "Thoracentesis"; "Unwise Treatment of 

 Ilomo-oputhy '' ; and "Eclecticism. 1 ' 



Boyle, Charles Barry, scientist, born in St. Johns, 

 Newfoundland, July 27, 1827; died in New York, 

 Nov. 21, IM'2. His father, an officer of the British 

 army and a veteran of the Peninsular War, stationed 

 at St. Johns at the time of his birth, was a descendant 

 of the Irish Boyles. When he was about six years of 

 age his father retired from the military service, and 

 the family removed to Canada. He remained there 

 until his early manhood, when ho came to the United 

 States, and shortly afterward returned to Canada as 

 civil engineer on the Grand Trunk Railroad. Some 

 years later, while an established architect in Albany, 

 N. Y., he remodeled the State Geological Hall there. 



- the lirst successful inventor of photograph ing 

 on wood, and, though the invention literally made 

 modern engraving, ho met with the proverbial ill 

 of inventors, and gained neither money nor 



' 



credit for his discovery, Being appointed as 'civil 

 engineer in the United States Lighthouse Board, he 

 went to New York and among other works in that 

 service, lie superintended the building of Penfield 

 Kerf l.L'ht, on Long Island Sound. He was an 

 arduous student even in his boyhood, and early de- 

 veloped the scientific traits that distinguished his 

 anec.-tors in a marked decree. He became known as 

 a scientific writer and an authority on optics. 11U 



writings include: " The Origin of Worlds" (Apple- 

 louriml, 1*7";; M r-y of the M'.n'' 



(Applcton* 1 Journal, 1^71;; " Binocular YIMOU in 

 l>cs" ("Scientific American," lw;; and articles 

 in the" Annual Cyclopaxlia," including " Observations 

 on thu Moon," " Discoveries on the Planet Mai 

 "Binocular Telescopes." His original researches in 

 astronomy, geology, chemistry, and optics resulted in 

 thu writing of three scientific works. The labor in- 

 volved in their preparation extended over the gn-att-r 

 part of the authors life, and they were completed 

 about three years before his death. He was the in- 

 ventor of the binocular telescojHJ, of a binocular 

 comet seeker, and of a remarkable microscopic tele- 

 scope.x At the time of his death he hud pcrtcctcd on 

 unpublished invention that would have revolution- 

 ized the science of telescope making. In IMI'.I he 

 completed a model of the moon, which was exhibited 

 in the American Institute Fair of that year, and re- 

 ceived the highest medal awarded by the society. 

 Plaster casts of this model are now in some of the 

 colleges and museums of the United States. He was 

 also the inventor of several astronomical instruments 

 besides the telescopes, the most remarkable of which, 

 styled the cosmoscope, shows the entire series of 

 phenomena that occur in the system of the earth, in- 

 cluding the precession of the equinoxes and the 

 earth's great year, it being the only instrument in 

 existence that accomplishes this. It also displays 

 many of the phenomena of the solar system in con- 

 nection with the other planets. He was at one time 

 president of the old American Optical Company, and 

 was a life member of the American Institute, before 

 which society many of his inventions and discoveries 

 were first presented. He made the first practical 

 demonstration of the true cause of the phenomenon 

 of mirage, proving the correctness of his explanation 

 by a simple optical instrument which renders it 

 possible for a child to produce a mirage at will. 

 Among many other results of his optical studies were 

 a new system of combined search and signal lights 

 for railroad and naval use, and on exceedingly 

 valuable " battery of lights " for coast defenses ; also 

 a special system for " high lighting " from towers and 

 other elevated points, and a " flash-light" instrument 

 intended to replace the Fresnel lens in lighthouses. 

 Ho was an artist of ability, and formulated a new sys- 

 tem of perspective whicli is less complicated than 

 former ones. 



Bradford, William, painter, born in New Bedford, 

 Mass., in 1827 ; died in New York city, April i.'"i, 

 1892. He was of Quaker parentage, and was Enoughs 

 up in mercantile business, speiidiiiir much of his lei- 

 sure in sketching and painting familiar scenes among 

 the shipping in New Bedford harbor and along the 

 New England coast About 1857 he retired from 

 mercantile life and applied himself wholly to paint- 

 ing, making special studies of the coa.*t sci-ncrv along 

 British North America as far as Labrador. 1. 

 treine northern trips created a desire to penetrate 

 the arctic regions, and he chartered a renel for this 

 purpose, and took with him the arctic explorer l>r. 

 Hayes. He explored and sketched the ice fields of 

 the north Atlantic, and the Hoes, bergs, and 

 scenery of the arctic regions. Two photographers 

 who accompanied him were constantly i-ngaci-d in 

 taking views. He also made an extensive and unique 

 collection of the flora of the arc-tic zone. His paint- 

 ings of these scenes attracted much attention in the 

 United States and in England, and some of them were 



Publicly exhibited in both countries. His " Su-ainer 

 'anther among Icebergs and Field Ice in Melville 

 Bay, under the Light of the Midnight Sun " was pur- 

 chased by Queen Yietoria, and exhibited in the K"\ul 

 Academy in IN">. Other English purchasers of Ui 

 works were the Marchioness of Lorne, the Baronea 

 Burdett-Couttx, and the Puke of WestminsU-r. Mr. 

 Bradford entered the lecture field and made a notable 



-. illustrating his narratives of arctic 1. 

 his photographs; and the favor with which his point- 

 ings and uis lectures were received led him to make 



