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OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. (SAULSBURY SCHWATKA.) 



alone, which he described in the " American Journal 

 of Science." It proved a great success, and was used 

 constantly in making negatives of sun, moon, and 

 star groups. His photographs of the moon were the 

 finest ever made up to that time, and have only_been 

 equaled in very recent years. In 1868 he finished 



his 13-inch object glass, which had a focal length of 

 about 15 feet. This glass was an ordinary achromatic, 

 such as is used for vision, and was converted into a 

 photographic objective by the addition of a third lens 

 of flint glass, which mad'e the proper correction and 

 could be affixed in a few minutes. Mr. Eutherfurd 

 constructed a micrometer for the measurement of 

 astronomical photographs, for use upon pictures of 

 solar eclipses or transits and upon groups of stars, of 

 which he measured several hundred, showing, as he 

 claimed, that the photographic method was at least 

 equal in accuracy to that of the heliometer or filar 

 micrometer and far more convenient. With this in- 

 strument he photographed the sun, and the series of 

 that orb taken in 1870 showed beautifully the details 

 of spots, the faculse, and the mottled surface of the 

 photosphere, and exhibited clearly the rotation of the 

 sun and the changes in the forms and groupings of 

 the spots. Indirect doubt having been expressed 

 upon photographs made with the collodion him, he 

 investigated the subject, and in 1872 published a 

 series of measurements which demonstrated conclu- 

 sively the fixity of the film when used upon a plate 

 treated with dilute albumen. In 1864 he presented to 

 the National Academy of Sciences a photograph of 

 the solar spectrum that he had obtained by means of 

 carbon-disulphide prisms. It contained more than 

 three times the number of lines that had been laid 

 down within similar limits by Bunsen and Kirchhotf. 

 He constructed a ruling engine in 1870, with which he 

 produced interference gratings on glass and speculum 

 metal that were superior to all others until the recent 

 productions of Henry A. Rowland. With one of these 

 gratings, containing about 17,000 lines to the inch, he 

 produced a photograph of the solar spectrum which 

 was for a long time unequaled. Mr. Eutherfurd was 

 appointed a trustee of Columbia College in 1858, and 

 continued as such until 1884, when (December, 1883) 

 he presented to the observatory his 13-inch telescope 

 with its photographic correcting lens, his transit in- 

 strument, and other valuable apparatus, worth more 

 than $12,000. Later, in November, 1890, he gave all 

 his negatives of sun, moon, and star groups, nearly 

 1,500 in number, with funds for their measurement, 

 and already there has been published " The Euther- 

 furd Photographic Measures of the Group of the 

 Pleiades." Mr. Eutherfurd was one of the original 

 members of the National Academy of Sciences named 

 by act of Congress in 1863. 



Saulsbtrry, Willard, jurist, born in Misspillion Hun- 

 dred, Kent County, Del., June 2, 1820 ; died in Dover, 

 Del., April 6, 1892. He was graduated at Dickinson 

 College, studied law, and was appointed Attorney- 

 General of Delaware in 1850. He was a delegate to 

 the Democratic National Convention in 1856, and in 

 1859 was elected to the United States Senate, wh ore 

 he was active in the exciting period of the civil war, 

 serving two terms, and being succeeded, in 1871, by 

 his brother Eli. In 1874 he was appointed Chancellor 

 of the State, and he occupied the office till his sudden 

 death from apoplexy. With his brothers, Gove and 

 Eli, he formed the famous Saulsbury combination, 

 which ruled Delaware's politics for thirty years. In 

 the contest for the United States Senate in 1871, all 

 three brothers were candidates. 



Schans, William, art importer, born in Selters, Nassau, 

 Germany, July 4, 1820; died in New York city, Dec. 

 29, 1892. He was educated at Schlangenbad, and 

 after graduation entered the employ of the art firm of 

 Eittner, Goupil & Co., by whom he was sent to New 

 York city in 1847 to establish a branch house. After 

 he had done this he withdrew from the employ of 

 the firm and went into the same business for himself, 

 and continued in it on Broadway and Fifth Avenue 

 till 1886, when he retired, and was succeeded by a 

 nephew and son-in-law. After withdrawing from 

 the firm, he opened the International Art Gallery 

 opposite the Windsor Hotel, but in 1891 sold his pic- 

 tures, withdrawing and presenting to the French Gov- 

 ernment the " Joan of Arc " by Jacquet. At the time 

 of his death he retained individual ownership in sev- 

 eral noted paintings. Mr. Schaus brought to the 

 United States Eembrandt's famous " Gilder," and it 

 was he who caused the return to Spain, in 1879, of 

 Murillo's " Vision of St. Anthony," which had been 

 cut from its frame in a cathedral at Seville and 

 brought to New York. For this service he received 

 from the Spanish Government the decoration of the 

 Order of Charles III. He was made an officer of the 

 Legion of Honor of France in 1888. Mr. Schaus was 

 considered one of the best judges of the genuineness 

 of works of art, and left an estate supposed to be 

 worth nearly $1,000,000. 



Schreiber, "&eorge Francis, photographer, born in 

 Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Jan. 10, 1803 ; died 

 in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 3, 1892. He carne to the 

 United States in 1834, and founded and conducted for 

 some time the " Alto und Neue Welt." He was one 

 of the first to engage in the business of making 

 daguerreotypes, and he so improved the art that he 

 was enabled to take a view of Niagara Falls by means 

 of a large sectional camera that he designed, for 

 which he received numerous medals. While building 

 up a thriving business, he was constantly experiment- 

 ing and improving his art. In 1848 he read in a 

 foreign paper that pictures had been taken with plates 

 of glass as a negative from which prints could be 

 made, and he applied himself with earnestness to ac- 

 complishing this alleged feat, and succeeded in print- 

 ing through glass the first photographs ever made in 

 America. These early pictures were called " talbo- 

 types on glass." Next he began using ground glass, 

 and produced what he called the "hyalotype," from 

 which were evolved the first photographic stereopticon 

 views in the world. During the past few years Mr. 

 Schreiber had confined himself to photographing 

 animal and bird life, and in his " Studies from Nature " 

 he left a_ lasting monument of inventive skill, patient 

 application, and high artistic taste. 



Schwatka, Frederick, explorer, born in Galena, 111., 

 Sept. 29, 1849; died in Portland, Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. 

 He was graduated at the United States Military Acad- 

 emy and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d Cav- 

 alry in 1871, and served on frontier and garrison 

 duty till 1877, in the meantime studying both law 

 and medicine, being admitted to the bar in Nebraska 

 in 1875, and graduated in medicine at Bellevue Hos- 

 pital Medical College in 1876. While on duty with 

 his regiment he took part in several skirmishes with 

 the Indians. In 1878 he obtained leave of absence 



