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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (CHAZAL CLOUGH.) 



at the University of Christiania, and since 1857 as 

 professor. The most important of his literary works 

 are : " A Commentary on the Prophet Obadiah," "Con- 

 tributions to the Introduction into the Book of Isaiah." 

 " Sources to the History of the Symbol of Baptism 

 and of the Kule of Belief," and his " Grammatica 

 Arabica." 



Chazal, Baron Emmanuel, a Belgian statesman, born 

 in Tarbes, Department of Hautes- Pyrenees, in 1808; 

 died in Pau, Jan. 26, 1892. He was a son of a mem- 

 ber of the French convention who helped Napoleon 

 to escape from Elba, was condemned to death at the 

 restoration, and escaped with his family to Brussels. 

 Young Chazal was one of the foremost champions of 

 Belgian independence in 1830, and after its accom- 

 plishment he entered the army, and was rapidly pro- 

 moted, becoming a general officer in 1842. In 1847 

 he was made Minister of War in the ministry of Ro- 



fier and Frere-Orban, and with short intermissions 

 e remained in this post till 1860. In 1848 he saved 

 the country from revolution by persuading King Leo- 

 pold to abdicate. In 1859 he carried through the proj- 

 ect for the fortification of Antwerp against the opposi- 

 tion of the Clericals, who resisted all his schemes for 

 military reform. He was one of the earliest advocates 

 of universal military service for Belgium. His influ- 

 ence was always great until the Clericals came into 

 power in 1884. 



Ghristophe, Ernest, a French sculptor, died in Paris, 

 Jan. 17, 1892. He was a pupil of Kude. He produced 

 some remarkable allegorical figures, notably the 

 " Comddie Humaine," for which he received a medal 

 in 1876. In this a woman is represented wearing an 

 expression that appears serene and happy ; but under 

 this mask is another face drawn with pain, and in the 

 folds of her dress is a viper gnawing her heart. His 

 bronze figure of " Fatality," exhibited in 1885, has a 

 similar subject. His last work was the "Eternelle 

 Eniorrne." exhibited in 1889. 



Child, Theodore, an English writer, born in Liverpool, 

 in 1846; died in Ispahan, Persia, Nov. 2,1892. He 

 was graduated at Oxford in 1877, and went to Paris 

 as correspondent of the London " Telegraph," and 

 made that city his home, writing anecclotical articles 

 and essays and news budgets on art and literature for 

 American and English magazines and for the Lon- 

 don " World " and the New York " Sun." For sev- 

 eral years before his death he was the European liter- 

 ary agent for the New York publishing house of 

 Harper Bros. He traveled in Asia and other distant 

 regions, and published a history of the South Ameri- 

 can republics after visiting them. He had gone to 

 Persia to make studies for a book on India and the 

 Afghan question, and died of cholera. 



Cialdini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta, an Italian soldier, 

 born in Modena. Aug. 8, 1811 : died in Leghorn, Sept. 

 8, 1892. He was educated in a Jesuit school, studied 

 philosophy and medicine in the University of Parma, 

 and in 1831 fought in the insurrection of the Romagna, 

 under Gen. Zucchi. When the rising was suppressed 

 he fled to Paris and resumed there his medical and 

 chemical studies, and translated works of Voltaire 

 and Rousseau into Italian, to earn money for his sup- 

 port. He joined the army of Dom Pedro in 1832, 

 and when the latter was established on the throne of 

 Portugal he remained with his regiment, having been 

 promoted from the ranks to a lieutenancy. In the 

 war against the Carlists, he was made Gen. Durando's 

 adjutant, and afterward he entered the service of the 

 Queen of Spain, as lieutenant-colonel of gendarmes. 

 In 1848 he left this service to take part in the revolu- 

 tion of Lombardy under his old commander, Gen. 

 Duraiido. He was severely wounded in the battle of 

 Vicenza, and taken prisoner by the Austrians. His 

 next service was in the Crimean War, whither he was 

 sent by the Sardinian Government with the rank of 

 general, and took a prominent part in the battle of 

 Tchernaya. In the war of Italian independence in 

 1859 he commanded a division, with whicn he forced 

 the passage of the Sesia, driving the Austrians from 

 their position. For this feat he was made a lieuten- 



ant-general. In 1860 he defeated the Papal army 

 under Gen. Lamoriciere, at the battle of Castelfidardo. 

 In 1861 he captured Gaeta, which he bombarded for 

 seventeen days, and two weeks after this engagement 

 he took the citadel of Messina, and subsequently he 

 reduced Ancona. He was made a field marshal at 

 the same time as Garibaldi and Fanti, and was placed 

 in charge of the Government of Naples as Viceroy 

 when the war was ended. Intrusted with extraordi- 

 nary powers, he successfully suppressed brigandage, 

 and after a creditable administration he entered the 

 Italian Senate in 1864. In 1867 he was appointed 

 Minister Plenipotentiary to Vienna, after having taken 

 a prominent part as a commander in the war of 1866 

 against Austria. Before he started for his post he re- 

 signed, in January, 1868, having been selected to form 

 a cabinet to take the place of the retiring Ratazzi 

 ministry. He was not able to get together a ministry 

 to carry out the programme of adherence to the ar- 

 rangement with 1 ranee regarding the inviolability of 

 the Papal dominions. Vittorio Emmanuele appointed 

 him commander-in-chief of the forces, and in 1870 he 

 conducted the invasion of the Papal states and inaug- 

 urated the arrangements for incorporating it in the 

 Italian kingdom. When the Duke of Aosta was 

 crowned King of Spain he was envoy extraordinary 

 at that court. In 1876 he was sent to Paris as am- 

 bassador, and when the Clericals in the French Cham- 

 ber raised a protest, Gambetta dispelled their misgiv- 

 ings by pointing out that Cialdini was the only mem- 

 ber of the Italian Parliament who spoke in favor of 

 intervention on behalf of the French in 1870. After 

 smoothing over many difficulties existing between 

 France and Italy, he took his leave in 1881, at the 

 time when the diplomatic relations between the two 

 countries became strained on account of Tunis, and 

 his attitude in this question made him very unpopu- 

 lar among his countrymen. 



Cladel, Leon, :i French author, born in Montauban. 

 March 13,1835; died in Sevres, July 29,1892. He 

 began life as a lawyer's clerk, and made his debut as 

 an author under the auspices of Charles Baudelaire 

 with"Les Martyrs Ridicules" (1802). At the same 

 time he began to write Republican articles for the 

 newspapers that were marked with particular vivacity 

 of style and picturesque effects. A novel of his en- 

 titled. " Pierre Patient," caused the Imperial Gov- 

 ernment to interdict the circulation in France of 

 " L 'Europe," the Frankfort journal in which it ap- 

 peared. For " Une Maudite," which appeared in the 

 " Ev^nement," he had to spend a month, in prison as 

 an immoral writer. With "Le Bouscassie," " Va-Nu- 

 Pieds," " L'Homme de la Croix aux Breufs," and 

 " Ompdrailles," he achieved a less sensational and 

 more literary success. 



Clanghton, Thomas Legh, an English Churchman, born 

 in Wiuwick, Lancashire, in 1808 ; died near CLelms- 

 ford, July 25, 1892. His father was Member of Par- 

 liament for Newton in 1818-'25. The son was edu- 

 cated at Rugby and at Oxford, where he was a scholar, 

 fellow, and tutor of Trinity College in succession, 

 winning prizes for Latin verse and a Latin essay in 

 1828 and 1829. In 1841 he was presented to the im- 

 portant benefice of Kidderminster, and there he was 

 a pioneer in the organization of parish work among 

 the poor on energetic High-Church methods. He be- 

 came known as a preacher throughout England, and 

 his earnest appeals to the heart and conscience of his 

 hearers were effective, though devoid of oratorical art 

 and polish. In 1852-'57 he was Matthew Arnold's 

 predecessor as Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In 

 18t>7, after twenty-six years of parochial work at 

 Kidderminster, he was promoted to the vacant bish- 

 opric of Rochester. In 1877, when the See of St. Al- 

 bans was created by separation from that of Roches- 

 ter, he elected to become its first bishop. 



Glongh, Anne Jemima, an English educator, born 

 in Liverpool, in 1819; died in Cambridge, Feb. 27, 

 1892. She was the elder sister of the poet Arthur 

 Hugh Clough. Her early life was spent in Charleston, 

 S. C., and in the Northern States and Canada. Re- 



