OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (CONSTANT-INK NIKOLAIKVICH COTTON.) 



589 



turning to Liverpool at the age of twenty, she opened 



1 tor children. Tin years later she went to 

 tin- \\ r-tiii"ivlaiid village of Ambit-Mile tol'r, 

 tlii-n- taught tli' children of the neighborhood till 

 r mother il'u-il, in iHtin, and her brother, in 

 During all tin- time sin- was Ion-most in the 

 iiiovi-nii-nt tor promoting the higher education lor 

 women, starting lectures tor hul'u-s in Liverpool and 

 Muiu-ln-li-r, out- of whirl) sprung a couiu-il tor tin- 

 North nf r'.nirlaiid, which secured the help of men 

 from the universities, aiul instituted courses of lec- 

 tures in various tow us. In is; i, Miss (.'lough was in- 

 vited to take charge f a hall in Cambridge for the 

 accommodation of ,"> girls who wanted to attend the 

 university lectures. This developed into Newnhiim 

 College, at I lie head of which she. remained until she 

 died. In is;;, the 5 student* had grown to 50, ami 

 the tirst building was erected, to which a second had 

 to In- added iii issl, an<l in 1888 another annex. The 

 Uto Principal of Newnhain advocated complete uni- 

 versity coeducation, and when one of her students 

 won the tirst place in mathematics and philosophy, 

 sin- prote.-ted vigorously against the regulation which 

 deprived her of the customary honors. 



Constantino Nikolaievioh, Grand Duke, uncle of the 

 Cziir, horn in St. Petersburg, Sept. 21, 1827; died 

 there, Jan. 24, 181>2. He married Princess Alexandra 

 of Sachsc-Altcnhurg in 1848, was made admiral ot 

 the navy in 1853, and his intellectual endowments 

 and liberal views led the progressive parties to set 

 great hopes in him, and bade fair to win for him a 

 permanent place in the annals of Russian history. 

 In 1863 he was appointed Governor-General of Poland, 

 and his administration enhanced his reputation. 

 Later he was made President of the Council of the 

 Empire. The death of his brother, Alexander II, cut 

 short his career, for his nephew, the new Czar, had 

 an antipathy for him and his opinions. In 1882 he 

 ripped of all his appointments. He was sus- 

 pected of Radical or nihilistic principles and passed 

 the remainder of his life in retirement, and toward 

 the end tormented by bodily ailments. The eldest of 

 his children, Nikolas, was banished from court in 

 disgrace on account of his wild escapades ; the second, 

 (.)lga. is Queen of Greece the third, Vera, is widow 

 of the Duke Eii^en of Wurtemberg; and the two 

 youngest, ('otistantin and Dimitri, are army orficers. 



Coode, Sir John, an English civil engineer, born in 

 Bodmin, Cornwall, in 1816; died in Brighton, March 

 J. Isi-J. He was educated in the grammar school of 

 his native town, Mudied engineering under Rendell, 

 became resident engineer at Portland harbor and 

 breakwater in 1847, and on Rendell's death, in 1856, 

 was made engineer-in-chief. He continued in charge 

 till the work was completed, in 1872, when he was 

 knighted. His nn>st important other works were the 

 breakwater and docks at Cape Town, the Cojombo 

 breakwater, the improvement of the river Bar in Ire- 

 land, and harbor works for the Isle of Man. He drew 

 the plans for a great number of the harbor improve- 

 ments of Great Britain and the British colonies. In 

 1884-'85 he was one of the consultative commission 

 if the Sue/ Canal. 



Cook, Thomas, the founder of Cook's excursions, born 

 in Melbourne, Derbyshire, Nov. 22, 1808; died in 

 icrshire, July 18, 18'J2. He was left fatherless 

 at the age of four, and began to earn his living at ten, 

 working in a village garden for Id. a day. shortly 

 afterward he began to learn wood turning, and then 

 entered a publishing house at Loughborough in con- 

 nection with the General Haptist Association. In 

 e was appointed Bible reader and village mis- 

 sionary for the county of Rutland. In l&'.-J he mar- 

 ried Miss Ma.-on, :i farmer's daughter, and moved to 

 Market II arborough, where he carried on the business 

 of wood turning. Inl836 he became a total abstainer. 

 and subsequently published two temperance papers. 

 Vv'hil walking from Market Harborougli to Leicester 

 to attend a temperance meeting, he read a report of 

 the opening of a part of the Midland Railway, and the 

 idea occurred to him that the new mode 'of travel 



might be used for the benefit of tin; temperance 

 Ho accordingly made arrangement* with the 

 railway company for a special train from Leicester to 

 Lough borough on July 5, 1841. The SUCCCBB of the 

 initial venture caused him to combine the manage- 

 ment of excursions with his book and printing busi- 

 ne>s iii Leicester, and in 1844 he made permanent ar- 

 rangements with the Midland company to place trains 

 at his disposal when required. The following year 

 he extended the system to Liverpool, the Isle of Man, 

 and Dublin, and afterward to Scotland, which was 

 the first place in which he provided hotel coupons 

 for his patrons. In 1851 he conveyed i uiny thousands 

 to the hxhibition in Hyde Park. The business began 

 to spread rapidly in England and on the Continent, 

 and in 1872 the first ot the annual tours round the 

 world was made by Mr. Cook with nine companions. 

 He retired in 1878, leaving the business to his son. 



Cooper, Thomas, an English political agitator, born 

 in Leicester in March, 1805; died in Lincoln, July 

 15, 1892. He was the son of a poor widow, and 

 learned the shoemaking trade after having had several 

 vears of schooling, lie acquired knowledge with 

 wonderful facility, and while pursuing his trade gave 

 every spare moment to his books, until overstudy and 

 insufficient nourishment brought on a serious illness. 

 At the age of twenty-three he opened a school in Lin- 

 coln, and a year later joined the Wesleyan Methodists 

 and became a local preacher, at the same time 

 writing for newspapers. He removed to London in 

 1830 to engage in journalism as a profession, but had 

 little success". Returning to his natal town, he joined 

 the Chartists, and conducted their organ, the " Mid- 

 land Counties' Illuminator." He soon came to be 

 recognized as their leader, and was nominated for Par- 

 liament. On his way to a convention in Manchester 

 in 1842 he addressed large meetings of working- 

 men. A riot occurred at Hanley, after he had gone 

 away. At Manchester military guards were placed 

 in the streets, and the Chartist orators in their con- 

 vention denounced bayonet rule and advocated 

 armed resistance. He was arrested and taken back 

 to Staffordshire to answer for a charge of arson in 

 connection with the Hanley riot but was acquitted 

 on his proving that he was not there when the offense 

 was committed. Upon that he was arraigned on the 

 charge of conspiracy and sedition. The Chartist 

 movement was in its 'last stages when he was brought 

 up for trial before Sir Thomas Erskine, in March, 

 1843. He defended himself eloquently, but was con- 

 victed, and underwent two years of imprisonment in 

 Stafford jail, during which he composed the greater 

 part of an epic poem called the u Purgatory of Sui- 

 cides," dealing with the great social and religious 

 questions of the age. Douglass Jerrold found a 

 publisher for this poem, which appeared in 1845, and 

 was followed by "The Baron's Yule Feast" In the 

 same year appeared also a volume of simple tales en- 

 titled'- Wise Saws and Modern Instances." In 1847 

 he published "Triumphs ot Perseverance" and 

 " Triumphs of Enterprise." He became a member of 

 Mazzinrs International League, but took no part in 

 the Chartist agitation in 1848, differing totally from 

 Fergus O'Connor. He lectured on political and his- 

 torical subjects, and in 1853 brought out the novel of 

 " Alderman Ralph." For ten years lie was a skeptic 

 and a follower or Strauss, but in 1855 his views under- 

 went another change, and for two years he combated 

 the opinions of atheists in public discussions and 

 lectures in London. In 1859 he became a Baptist 

 preacher. When his health broke down shortly 

 afterward, W. E. Forster, Samuel Morley. and other 

 friends raised a sum sufficient to purchase an annuity 

 of 100 for the lives of himself and his wife. He 

 was able to lecture again from isc,; till Is;-.'. In 1878 

 a collected edition of his JHK-IIIS was published, Mid 

 shortly afterward appeared "The Bridge of History 

 over the Gulf of Time." In 1882 he published his 

 " Autobiography." 



Cotton, Sir Henry, an English jurist, born in Leyton- 

 stone, May 20, lN.il : died in Liphock, Feb. 22, 1891. 



