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OBITUARIES, FOREIGN. (FREYER FYFFE.) 



separation between ancient and modern history, and 

 upheld with all the vigor of profound conviction the 

 continuity of European history from the earliest time 

 to the present moment. An almost equally strong 

 passion with him was the belief that archaeology and 



geography are of inestimable value to the historian. 

 He placed little value upon theories and conjectures, 

 and in their stead insisted upon the importance of 

 minute accuracy. As a controversialist he was unre- 

 lenting when truth was in question, although he hated 

 controversy, but his sympathetic instincts led him to 

 make large allowances for honest and devoted efforts. 

 Somewhat brusque in manner, he was nevertheless 

 warm-hearted and affectionate, keeping his friend- 

 ships unimpaired through the years. At the time of 

 his death he was traveling in Spain with his wife and 

 daughters, visiting the sites of the Carthaginian col- 

 onies. On reaching Alicante, on March 10, he was 

 taken ill with smallpox, of which malady, compli- 

 cated with bronchitis, he died six days later, and was 

 buried in the Protestant cemetery there. His greatest 

 work is "The History of the Norman Conquest of 

 England : Its Causes and Eesults," the first volume of 

 which appeared in 1867, and the sixth and last in 

 1879. His other published works are " Church Res- 

 toration " (1846) : " A History of Architecture " (1849) ; 

 " An Essay on Window Tracery " (1850) ; " A History 

 of Llandaff Cathedral " (1852) ; " Architectural An- 

 tiquities of Gower " (1850) ; " Poems : Legendary and 

 Historical, by E. A. F. and G. W. Cox" (1850) ; " The 

 History and Conquests of the Saracens" (London, 

 1856); "History 1 of Federal Government, from the 

 formation of th'e Achaean League to the Disruption 

 of the United States" (1st vol. only, London, 1863) ; 

 " Old English History for Children " (London, 1809) ; 

 "History of the Cathedral Church of Wells" (Lon- 

 don, 1870); "Historical Essays" (London, 1871); 

 " General Sketch of European History " (London, 

 1872); "Growth of the English Constitution, from 

 the Earliest Times " (London, 1872) ; " The Unity of 

 History" (London, 1872); "Comparative Politics" 

 (London, 1873); "Historical Essays" (2d series, 

 London, 1873) ; " Disestablishment and Disendow- 

 ment : What are they ? " (London, 1874) ; " History of 

 Europe" ("History Primers") (London, 1876); "His- 

 torical and Architectural Sketches, chiefly Italian " 

 (London, 1876) ; "The Turks in Europe" (London, 

 1877) ; "The Ottoman Power in Europe: Its Nature, 

 its Growth, and its Decline" (London, 1877); "How 

 the Study of History is let and hindered" (London, 

 1879); "Historical Essays" (3d series, London, 1879); 



" A Short History of the Norman Conquest in Eng- 

 land" (Oxford, 1880) ; " The Historical Geography of 

 Europe " (2 vols.j London, 1881) ; " Sketches from the 

 Subject and Neighbor Lands of Venice" (London, 

 1881); "An Introduction to American Institutional 

 History" (Baltimore, 1882); "The Reign of William 

 Rufus'and the Accession of Henry the First" (Z 

 vols., Oxford, 1882); "Lectures to American Audi- 

 ences " (Philadelphia, 1882 ; London, 1883) ; " English ' 

 Towns and Districts" (London, 1883); "Some Im- 

 pressions of the United States " (London, 1883) ; " The 

 Office of the Historical Professor" (London, 1884); 

 " Greater Greece and Greater Britain and George 

 Washington, the Expander of England " (London, 

 1886) ; "The Methods of Historical Study" (Oxford. 

 1886); "The Chief Periods of European History" 

 (London, 1887) ; " Exeter" in " Historic Towns " (Lon- 

 don, 1887) ; " Four Oxford Lectures " (1887) ; " Fifty 

 Years of European History : Teutonic Conquest in 

 Gaul and Britain" (London, 1888); "William the 

 Conqueror" in "Twelve English Statesmen " (Lon- 

 don, 1888) ; " The History of Sicily, from the Earliest 

 Times" (3 vols., London, 1891-'92) ; left unfinished 

 "Historical Essays" (4th series, 1892). 



Freyer, Alfred, an English inventor and statistician, 

 born in Rastrick, near Iluddersfield, 1830; died in 

 Wilmslow, near Manchester. Dec. 13, 1892. He showed 

 inventive genius at an early age, became a member of 

 a firm of sugar refiners, and in"1865 perfected the con- 

 cretor, which enables the West Indian planters to 

 send their sugar to the refineries in solid cakes and 

 thus save waste and loss on shipboard. His paper on 

 " Some Peculiarities of the Vital Statistics of thr So- 

 ciety of Friends " excited widespread interest, and one 

 on " A New Form of Pleating Lightship, and a Mode 

 of estimating the Distance of Lights " resulted in the 

 erection of one or more lighthouses. In 1872 a series 

 of papers on " The Influence of Forests on Rainfall " 

 led the people of the West Indies to give more atten- 

 tion to the preservation of their forests. He invented 

 a destructor for the treatment of town refuse, which is 

 in extensive use. He wrote also on the balance of 

 trade, the silver question, vital statistics, the cost ot 

 living in various countries, and allied subjects. 



Furstenberg, Cardinal Landgrave Friedrich, a Bohe- 

 mian prelate, born in Vienna, Oct. 8, 1812; died in 

 Hochwald, Moravia, Aug. 19, 1892. He was created 

 Prince Archbishop of Olmtitz in 1853, and during 

 the conflict between the Czechs and the Germanizing 

 Liberal ministry of Schmerling he was a strenuous 

 champion of the Czech nationality, treating the all- 

 powerful Prime Minister with a degree of hauteur 

 that went beyond the limits of civility. lie was the 

 most intolerant of ecclesiastics in regard to spiritual 

 questions. He demanded the Papal excommunication 

 of all Catholics who became converted to Protestant- 

 ism. In refusing burial in consecrated ground to per- 

 sons not orthodox Catholics, and in other exhibitions 

 of intolerance, he came into frequent conflicts with the 

 civil authorities and public opinion. After receiving 

 the cardinal's hat, on May 12, 1879, his zeal and rigor 

 in religious matters abated, and on political questions 

 he took a less uncompromising attitude. He was the 

 richest of all the opulent Church dignitaries of Aus- 

 tria-Hungary, and the bulk of his immense fortune 

 was left to charitable and religious institutions. 



Fyffe, Charles Alan, an English historian, born ;it 

 Blackheath, Kent, December, 1845; died Feb. 19, 

 1892. He was graduated from Balliol College, Ox- 

 ford, in 1868. His tastes inclined strongly in the di- 

 rection of politics, and especially toward European af- 

 fairs and land reform. He was on the Continent in 

 1870, and is said to have sent to the " Daily News" 

 the flrst account that appeared in print of the battle 

 of Sedan. He was called to the bar in 1876, but did not 

 practice his profession regularly. His first published 

 work was a " History of Greece" (1875) for Macmil- 

 lan's " History Primers." The first volume of his elab- 

 orate work, " A History of Modern Europe," was pub- 

 lished in 1880 (2d edition, 1884). It covers the time 

 from the beginning of the revolutionary war to the 



