oBHTAKIKS. FMKKH.N. .||..IM.\NX-JI:NKKR.) 



595 



.:inl the most conspicuous figure in Austrian 

 ; >ohncs, th<- vigorous, incisive, theoretical criticism <it' 

 which In- was u inaMcr, drew tin- partv away from the 

 Around "I' practical politics, and made compromises, 

 Which HIV in.-. :i'\ in AuMria more than elsewhere 

 .i,-ccptable irovernineiital polic\ . <|iiiti- impo>M- 

 blc. lite opposition against the occupation <>t' Bosnia 

 and against the Berlin treaty, in which the greater 

 part i>t' tin- parts followed him, destroyed the pros- 

 !' German Liberalism in Austria and brought 

 about the Taatle /,';/////<. He was rejected in his old 

 Bohemian constituency, which ehose a representative 

 of more nationaliMie u-ndciicii-.s, and in 1885 obtained 

 a mandate from one of the Vienna districts. His 

 liiirh character and spotless record preserved tor him 

 the respect of all. and his tireless energy enabled him 

 to take an important share up to the very lost in the 

 legislation of a noncontentious character, in which 

 his knowledge of law, finance, and railroads could be 

 turned to account. 



Hofinann, August Wilhelm, a German chemist, born 

 about 1820; died in Berlin, May 5, 1892. He studied 

 chemistry under Liebig at Giesscn, and devoted him- 

 self there to studying the bases of coal tar and meta- 

 morphoses of indigo. After spending three years at 

 Bonn, he was. on 1'rof. I.icbig's recommendation, ap- 

 pointed superintendent at the Royal College of Chem- 

 istry in London in 1848. In 1853 this institution, 

 which made rapid progress under his direction, be- 

 came the chemical section of the Royal School of 

 Mines. In 1855 he was appointed a warden of the 

 British Mint. In 1804 he went to Bonn as Professor 

 of Chemistry, and from there he was called to Berlin 

 in the year following, where he occupied the chair of 

 Chemistry till his death. Continuing his early inves- 

 tigation into the organic liases found in cold ta,r. he 

 made practical discoveries regarding the composition 

 and chemical character of aniline red that have been 

 of immense industrial value. He contributed fre- 

 quently to the li Annalen der Chemie," the " Trans- 

 actions of the British Chemical Society," and the 

 " Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society." 



Holstein-Holsteinborg) Count, a Danish rural econo- 

 mist, born in 18U>; died on May 1, 1892. At the age 

 of twenty-one he succeeded to a large feudal estate, 

 and devoted himself to agriculture and stock breed- 

 int:. The remarkable improvement in the Danish 

 eattle industry and the growth of the export trade in 

 butter, live cattle, and bacon was in a measure the 

 result of his activity and example. For a long period 

 he was President of the Danish Royal Agricultural 

 Society. He sat for many years in the Rigsdag, 

 where he was a leading member of the Moderate Lib- 

 erals. He was I'rime Slinister m 1870-'74. 



Howard, Cardinal Edward, an Knglish ecclesiastie, 

 horn in Nottingham, Feb. 13, 1829 : died in Brighton, 

 Sent. -is. IS'.IL'. He was descended from the famous 

 old ducal family of Norfolk, was educated at Oscott 

 College, and served for some years in the Life Guards. 

 At the aire of twenty-six he quitted the army to 

 enter the Catholic priesthood. He took holy orders 

 in Rome, and gained the affection and confidence of 

 Pius IX, who sent him on a mission to India to com- 

 pose the reliirious conflict, that had broken out at (:>. 

 He was vicar to the archpriest of St. Peter's for some 

 years, and in H7-j was consecrated Bishop of Neo- 

 Cfflsarea /' /mrfi/i'ia. On March 1'2, 1877, Monsignor 

 Howard was advanced to the cardinalate, and ap- 

 pointed camtrlingo of the Sacred College. In 1881 

 he was appointed arelmriest of the patriarchal basil- 

 ica of St. Peter's, and prefect of the eonirrciration, 

 having charge of the edifice, as successor to Cardinal 

 Borromeo. On March 24, 1884, the Pope raised him 

 from the rank of cardinal priest to that of cardinal 

 bishop, appointing him to the suburban see of Fras- 

 eati. Cardinal Howard was a famous linguist, speak- 

 ing with fluency not only all the languages of west- 

 ern Kuropc. hut also Armenian. Arable, and Russian. 



Httbner, Baron J. A., an Austrian diplomat, born in 

 Vienna, in 1S11; died there, July : W, 1892. He entered 

 the public service at an early age, holding an ap- 



pointment in the Foreign Office under Prince V 

 nidi in 1833. In IM'.i he was sent to Paris as min- 

 ister plenipotentiary to the President of tin- republic. 

 He was a member of the Comrre of Paris in 1 

 and on.- of the signers of the treaty of March :;o. II.- 

 was replaced at Paris in ls.V. by Prince; Metternich, 

 and in IM'.I; held the post of Minister of Justice in the 

 Austrian Cabinet. In Ivl^, resigning the Italian am- 

 bassadorship, lie abandoned the diplomatic career, 

 and devoted himself henceforth to explorations in 

 Asia and America. He has published interesting ac- 

 counts of his various scientific journevs. 



laidor, Archbishop, Metropolitan of St Petersburg, 

 Novgorod, and Finland, born in 1799 ; died in t! 

 Pcter>hiirir. Sept. 19, 1892. He was born in the prov- 

 ince of Tula, and was educated in the seminary ot' 

 that district and in the Ecclesiastical Academy of St. 

 Petersburg. He entered the monastic order at the ago 

 of twenty-six, became Professor of Theology, an* I 

 was appointed bishop, first of Plotsk, and subsequent- 

 ly of Moghileft'. In 1841 he was appointed Arch- 

 bishop of the Province of Moghileff, and in this ca- 

 pacity took an active part in the conversion of the 

 Uniates of Poland to the orthodox belief. In 1844 he 

 was appointed Archbishop of Kakhetia in the Cau- 

 casus, and Exarch of Georgia, where his energies for 

 missionary work found ample scope. In 1858 he was 

 transferred to the most ancient metropolitan see in 

 Russia, that of St. Sofia, in KiefF, and in 1860 was 

 made metropolitan archbishop of the capital and ad- 

 joining provinces. He was President of the Holy 

 Synod. For his benevolence and charity he was 

 universally esteemed by the Russians of all classes. 



Jovellar y Soler, Joaquin, a Spanish soldier, born in 

 Mallorca, in 1819 ; died in Madrid, April 16, 1892. 

 He entered the army at an early age, and first saw 

 active service in the seven years' Carlist war. In 

 1837 he was present as a sublieutenant at six im- 

 portant engagements, and in the last of them he was 

 severely wounded. Going to Cubas as soon as ti 

 war was ended, ho saw much active service there for 

 some years. In 1859 he accompanied O'Donnell's 

 armv to Morocco, and distinguished himself in the 

 battle of Tetuan and at Wad Ras, where he received 

 a grave wound. On returning to Spain, O'Donnell, 

 who was made Minister of War, chose him for under- 

 secretary. He afterward filled many important civil 

 and military posts, and in 1873 went out to Cuba as 

 captain-general. While he was there the " Virgin- 

 ius" affair occurred, and he had various other deli- 

 cate questions to deal with. He was recalled to Spain 

 in 1874, to take command of the army of the center 

 against the Carlist insurgents. On the restoration of 

 King Alfonso, in 1875, he was made Minister of War 

 in the first Cabinet formed by Canovas, and on his 

 return from the journey in which he accompanied 

 the King through the northern provinces, he again 

 assumed command of the army of the center, ami co- 

 operated with Martinez Campos against the Carlists, 

 who were finally crushed. Gen. Jovellar \van an able 

 military organizer and administrator, and many of 

 the reforms that have been introduced into the Span- 

 ish military service wen- originated by him. He was 

 three times Minister of War. and once was Prime 

 Minister for a short time, besides fiHin<_ r various of- 

 fices of less importance. He was the President of the 

 Supreme Council of War and Marine, and a Senator, 

 and held the rank of captain-general in the army. 



Junker, Wilhelm, a German explorer, born about 

 1845; died in St. Petersburg, Feb. 14. !;-!_'. He went 

 out to the Soudan in 1S7"> as a naturalist and ethnol- 

 ogist, for the paipCM of collecting notes and speci- 

 mens of plants and animals, and objects connected 

 with anthropology. From Khartoum he ma., 

 cursions into the countries watered by the western 

 feeders of the Nile, penetrating into the Congo basin. 

 In many of his journevs he accompanied slave-milling 

 and plundering expeditions of Arabs and Egyptians. 

 He visited the Welle three times, and when he last 

 struck it, in 1883, as far west as -j-j' 41' east longitude, 

 in 4 north latitude, and found it to be a broad river 



