PIPE LINES. 



655 



r substance of high refractory power. The 

 Conner is the action of most bases, and tin- latter 

 is tin- ivMilt when weak bases, liko caffeiu i>r 

 jintipyriii, are applied. The latter bases in weak 

 solution ilo not injuriously affect the protoplasm 

 itself; but the cells are soon killed by other 

 mil their salts. The granules and globules 

 fonn.il in the living cells by the action of cade in 

 have been called by Bokomyand the author pro- 

 teosomes. They give the principal reactions of 

 albuminous bodies, but contain in most cases an 

 admixture of small quantities rf lecithin and 

 tannin. These admixtures can, however, be re- 

 moved by cultivating the objects in solutions 

 rich in tannin. If now by such cultivation the 

 t nun in has been removed and the proteosomes are 

 then produced by treatment with caffein, we 

 can observe that these albuminous proteosomes 

 are capable of reducing silver from even highly 

 diluted alkaline solutions. This property is lost 

 after treatment with acids, and after the death 

 of the cells, as when they are treated with ether 

 vapor, etc. in these cases the proteosomes be- 

 come hollow and turbid, they coagulate and 

 shrink, and they lose their property of being re- 



60 cents a barrel at the wells, while the barrels 

 used in carrying it cost $3.50. The charges 

 for teaming were enormous, and became higner 

 as new wells were opened at greater di- 

 from Alleghany river and Oil creek, the only 

 water outlets from the oil district. A lack of 

 water in these streams led to the damming of 

 them until a large number of loaded flatboats had 

 gathered at the dam. The dam was then broken, 

 and the boats were floated to Oil City and other 

 places where the railroads could be reached. 

 The transportation by railroad was first in bar- 

 rels, then in wooden tank cars, and finally in 

 tank cars made of boiler iron. In 1802 the cost 

 of carrying a barrel to New York was $8, but 

 this had dropped to $6 in 1865. The iron tank 

 cars caused a still further decrease, but not 

 enough to show that transportation by rail 

 would ever make oil as cheap as it should be. 

 Experiments with pipes had already been made 

 on a small scale in 1861 ; but they were fail- 

 ures. In 1865 a line of four miles of pipe was 

 built from Pithole to the wells of Miller a Farm. 

 The teamsters, realizing the danger to their 

 business, tore up the pipes as fast as they were 



MAP SHOWING THE PIPE-LINES. 



soluble in distilled water. There are thus ex- 

 perimental grounds for the conclusion that both 

 the organized albumen of the living protoplasm 

 and the albumen dissolved in the vacuoles the 

 unorganized albumen are a different substance 

 from the ordinary albumen, which is present in 

 dead eel Is. 



PIPE-LINES, for conveying crude petrole- 

 um or natural gas, have an important place in 

 the transportation of those articles. The origi- 

 nal use, for petroleum, was due to the ex< 

 cost of transportation by older methods. In the 

 early days of the oil production in western 

 Pennsylvania, about 1860, the crude oil cost but 

 l 



laid. They finally yielded, and other short lines 

 were then built," so that by 1877 about ten 

 companies had gridironed the oil district. These 

 companies were consolidated into the United 

 Pipe Line Company, now succeeded by the Na- 

 tional Transit Company. This, together with 

 the Tide- Water Pipe Company, is supposed to 

 be controlled by, or to act in unison with, the 

 Standard Oil Company. Of late a rival pipe- 

 line, the United States, is trying to reach the 

 seaboard : and the obstruction offered by the 

 older lines is being fought in the courts. The 

 difficulty lies in the fact that pipe-line compa- 

 nies have the right of eminent domain in Penn- 



