PORTUGAL. 



657 



de Valbom ; Minister of Public Works, of Com- 

 mrn -c, ami of Industry, J. Ferreira Franco Pinto 

 Castcllo Kranrn. 



Area and Population. Tho area of conti- 

 nental Portugal, together with the Azores and 

 Madeira, which are regarded as an integral part 

 of the kingdom, is 34,038 square miles. The 

 |M.|. illation, according to the census taken in 

 was 4,708,178, comjwsed mainly of Portu- 

 giie>e. a strong element of gypsies, and a con- 

 siderable intermixture of Arabs, Jews, French, 

 Knijlish, Dutch, and Frisians, and in the coast 

 towns ubout 3,000 negroes. 



Army and Navy. By the law of Sept. 12, 

 1887, military service is made obligatory for 

 every man after he has passed his twentieth 

 year. The duration of service is twelve years, 

 of which three years are spent with the colors, 

 five years in the first reserve, and four years in 

 the second reserve. The contingent raised an- 

 nually by conscription numbers 10,000 men, and 

 all persons not entering the active service form 

 part of the second reserve for twelve years. By 

 the law of 1884 the peace footing of the army is 

 fixed at 24 regiments of infantry, 12 regiments 

 of chasseurs, 10 regiments of cavalry, 3 regi- 

 ments of mounted artillery, 1 brigade of moun- 

 tain artillery, 1 regiment and 4 batteries of garri- 

 son artillery, and 1 regiment of engineers. The 

 peace effective of the permanent army for 1892 

 was 2,089 officers, 25,658 men, and 3,985 horses 

 and mules. The municipal guard was com- 

 posed of 79 officers, 2,176 men, and 415 horses: 

 and the fiscal guard numbered 178 officers, 4,791 

 men, and 362 horses. The rifle used by the in- 

 fantry and cavalry is of the Kropatschek system, 

 a repeater of a caliber of 8 millimetres. 



The navy in 1892 consisted of 1 ironclad of 

 3.200 horse power, carrying 9 guns; 6 corvettes, 

 armed with 48 guns; 14 first-class gunboats, 

 with 53 guns ; 7 stationary gunboats, with 16 

 guns ; 9 small gunboats, with 20 guns ; 2 armed 

 transports; 5 torpedo boats ; and 3 other steam- 

 ers. In 1892 the navy had 258 officers and 4,360 

 sailors. 



Commerce. The total value of the special 

 imports of merchandise in 1891 amounted to 

 :i!..V.2!).946 milreis, and the exports to 21,378,330 

 milreis. The imports of precious metals were 

 8,269,727 milreis, and the exports 29,803,648 

 milreis. The principal articles of importation 

 and their values were : Cereals, 5,015,000 milreis ; 

 cotton goods, 2,663,000 railreis ; machinery and 

 instruments, 2,468,000 milreis; iron, 2,244,000 

 milreis; coal, 2,182,000 milreis; sugar, 1,876.000 

 milreis; woolens, 1,638,000 milreis; codfish, 

 1,608,000 milreis; raw cotton, 1,591,000 milreis: 

 railroad material, 1,351,000 milreis; chemicals, 

 1,264,000 milreis: animals. 1,075,000 milreis; 

 timber, 1,040.000 milreis; wool, 903,000 milreis: 

 hides and skins, 873,000 milreis; silk, 859,000 

 milreis; rice, 733,000 milreis; coffee, 586.000 

 milreis; butter and cheese, 542,000 milreis. The 

 chief exports were: Wine, 10,122,000 milreis; 

 cork, 2,951,000 milreis; fish, 1,416,000 milreis; 

 copper, 1,033,000 milreis ; animals, 403,000 mil- 

 reis ; onions, 288,000 milreis. The trade with 

 the leading countries in 1888 was as follows: 

 Great Britain, imports 12,688,618 milreis, ex- 

 ports 7,827,923 milreis; France, imports 4,980,- 

 526 milreis, exports 5,207,395 milreis ; Germany, 

 VOL. xxxii. 42 A 



imports 4,712,159 milreis, exports 1,902,589 mil- 

 reis ; United States, imports 4,483,784 milreis, 

 exports 553,006 milreis ; Spain, imports 2,550,- 

 674 milreis, exj>orts 939,236 milreis ; Brazil, im- 

 ports 2,148,470 milreis, exports 4,194,622 mil- 

 reis; Belgium, imports 1,444,882 milreis, exports 

 376,039 milreis. A commercial treaty between 

 Portugal and Brazil was signed Jan. 15, 1892. 



Shipping and Navigation. The merchant 

 marine of Portugal numbered on Jan. 1, 1891, 

 553 vessels, of which 67 were steamers and 486 

 sailing vessels, of an aggregate tonnage of about 

 35,050 tons. The coasting vessels have a total 

 tonnage of 210.312 cubic metres. In 1891, 3,708 

 steamers, of 5,181,000 tons, and 2,554 sailing 

 vessels, of 583,000 tons, entered the ports of 

 Portugal, while 3,721 steamers, of 5,187,000 tons, 

 and 2,720 sailing vessels, of 351.000 tons, cleared. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. On 

 Jan. 1, 1891, there were 2,149 kilometres of rail- 

 roads in operation, and 155 kilometres under 

 construction. In 1890 there were transmitted 

 through the post office 21,054,000 domestic let- 

 ters, 4,31 7,000 domestic postal cards, and 19,483,- 

 000 domestic printed matter; while the inter- 

 national department handled 6,422.000 letters, 

 246,000 postal cards, and 5,140,000 pieces of 

 printed matter. Money transmitted by letter or 

 postal order amounted to 28,429,000 francs. The 

 total length of the state telegraph lines in 1888 

 was 6,090 kilometres, and the length of the wires 

 was 13,894 kilometres. The number of internal 

 dispatches was 547,101, while the number of 

 international dispatches was 512,081. The re- 

 ceipts of the combined postal and telegraph serv- 

 ice in 1890 amounted to 5,794,260 francs, and 

 the expenses to 6,629,895 francs. 



Finances. The budget for 1892-'93 estimated 

 the receipts at 46,724,159 milreis, of which 10,- 

 290,500 milreis were derived from direct imposts, 

 2,139,000 milreis from registration, 1,610,300 

 milreis from stamped paper, 460,000 milreis from 

 lotteries, 23,342,737 milreis from indirect taxes, 

 1,994,000 milreis from supplemental duties, 

 3,848,378 milreis from Government property, 

 and 3,039,244 milreis were receites d'orare. The 

 expenses were estimated at 48,018,961 milreis, of 

 which 31,234,597 milreis were for the Ministry of 

 Finance, 2,315,977 milreis for the Ministry of 

 the Interior, 1,057,709 milreis for the Ministries 

 of Public Worship and Justice, 5,703.041 milreis 

 for the Ministry of War, 2,854,909 milries for the 

 Ministry of Marine and the Colonies, 458,893 mil- 

 reis for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4,331, 370 

 milreis for the Ministry of Public Works, and 

 62,465 milreis for the savings banks. 



The funded debt of Portugal in the beginning 

 of 1890-'91 amounted to 533,316,612 milreis, of 

 which 261,989,866 milreis were external bonds 

 bearing interest at 3 per cent., 218,057,466 

 milreis were internal 3-per-cent. bonds, and 53,- 

 269,280 milreis were 4J- and 5-per-cent. bonds. 

 The extraordinary debt, raised by the treasury 

 in the years 1886-'90, amounted to 45,915,000 

 milreis ; treasury bills issued in 1890 amounted 

 to 16.500,000 milreis; and the floating debt was 

 23.000,000 milreis. In 1890 a loan of 9,800,000 

 milreis was brought out in Paris. The revenues 

 of the Government were insufficient to pav the 

 interest on the loans, and the condition of the 

 finances was such that a financial crisis arose in 



