K'TMANIA. 



687 



and the other at Valencia, under I lie aus- 

 of the archbishop, entitled " Solm -iom-r, 

 riitoMcns." In December a great demonstration 

 was held throughout Spain in protest against 

 the proposed opening in Madrid of "The Church 

 of Spain," as the sect which has been recngni/cd 

 by " t he Church of Ireland " has styled itself. 

 This body, after repeated failure to receive 

 recognition from the Established Church of 

 England, which deprecated its methods, ap- 

 plied to Lord Plunkett, the Protestant Arch- 

 bishop of Dublin, and he, selecting Pere Hya- 

 cinthe (M. Loyson) as his companion, went to 

 Madrid and formally consecrated a church, and 

 irave ii status by consecrating a bishop for it. 

 He then appealed to the English and Irish pub- 

 lic for a proselytizing fund. The Catholic pro- 

 test was against the use of the title " Church of 

 Spain" as an infringement upon the rights of 

 the state Church ; against the appropriation of 

 public moneys which follows Government recog- 

 nition; and against the insinuation, which the 

 whole proceeding took the character of, that 

 Spain is wanting in loyalty to the see of Peter, 

 or is in any way lacking in the elements of 

 Christian civilization. The protest was so 

 unanimous that the Prime Minister withheld 

 the sanction necessary under the law to the 

 public advertisement of the Church and its pro- 

 gramme of propaganda. The census shows that 

 Spain's population is 17,519,858 Catholics, 6,654 

 Protestants, and 23,732 others. The Queen re- 

 gent was this year honored with the Golden 

 Rose by His Holiness. 



British America. The bulletin of the 

 ninth census shows the Catholic population of 

 Canada to be 1,990,464, or 41'46 per cent, of the 

 total population. The increase in ten years is 

 198,483. This showing is much less tlian the 

 official returns to the ecclesiastical authorities, 

 who place the total number of Catholics at 

 2,117,538, under 8 archbishops, 22 bishops, and 

 'J,.V>0 priests. There are 2,115 churches and 

 chapels, 11 seminaries, 44 colleges, and 674 

 charitable institutions. 



The school question in Manitoba, caused by 

 legislative denial of the right of Catholics to 

 share the public educational fund as elsewhere, 

 still remains a burning issue in the Northwest. 



Two new bishops were consecrated in 1892 

 Rt. Rev. M. T. Labrecque, as Bishop of Chicou- 

 tin, archdiocese of Quebec, May 22: and Rt. 

 liev. .1. M. Ernard, Bishop of Valleyfield, arch- 

 diocese of Montreal, June 9. 



Archbishop Jean Langevin died at St. Ger- 

 main of Rimouski, Jan. 26. He was born in 

 Quebec, 1821. and stands as one of its most 

 brilliant scholars. He served in that province 

 us priest, and then took charge of its "Normal 

 School," from which, in 1867, he was promoted to 

 the charge (territorially) of the largest diocese in 

 Canada. Rt. Rev. T. O'Mahony, D. D., died in 

 Toronto. Sept. 7. He was born 'in Ireland, 1825, 

 ordained in Rome, and sent out as first Bishop 

 of Armsdale, Australia, ile returned to Rome 

 for his health, and later went to Canada with 

 Archbishop Lynch, becoming pastor of St. 

 Paul's, Toronto, in which charge ne died. 



ROUMANIA, a monarchy in eastern Eu- 

 rope. The Government rests on the Constitu- 

 tion of 1866, as amended in 1879 and 1884. The 



legislative power vests in a Senate of 120 mem- 

 bers and a Chamber of Deputies having 188 

 members. The Senators are elected for eight 

 years by two and the Deputies for four years by 

 three electoral colleges in each district. The 

 reigning King is Carol I, born April 20, 1839, 

 son of Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmarin- 

 gen. He was elected Doranul or Lord of Rou- 

 mania on May 22, 1866, and was proclaimed 

 King on March 26, 1881. He was married on 

 Nov. 15, 1869, to Princess Elizabeth von Neuwied, 

 born Dec. 29, 1843. His marriage remaining 

 childless, the succession of the throne was settled 

 upon his elder brother, Prince Leopold of Hohen- 

 zollern-Sigmaringen, who renounced his rights 

 in favor of his eldest son, Prince Wilhelm. in Oc- 

 tober, 1880, who in turn renounced his rights on 

 Nov. 22, 1888, in favor of his brother, Prince 

 Ferdinand, born Aug. 24, 1865, and the latter, 

 by decree of the King, on March 18, 1889, was 

 created Prince of Roumania. 



The executive vests in a Council of Ministers, 

 which at the beginning of 1892 was composed 

 of the following members: Prime Minister, I. E. 

 Florescu ; Minister of the Interior, L. Catargi ; 

 Minister of Finance and Minister of Justice ad 

 interim, G. Vernescu ; Minister of Foreign Af- 

 fairs, C. Escarcu; Minister of War, I. Lahovari; 

 Minister of Public Works, C. Olanescu; Minister 

 of Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Do- 

 mains, Ilariu Isvoranu ; Minister of Public In- 

 struction and Worship, P. Poui. 



Area and Population. The area of Rouma- 

 nia is 48,307 square miles, with a population in 

 1889 of 5,038,342. The Roumanians are dis- 

 tributed in large numbers in the neighboring 

 countries Transylvania, Servia, and Bulgaria 

 about 4,500,000, or half of the race, living in 

 Roumania proper. The number of marriages in 

 1891 was 44,267; the number of births, 228,283; 

 the number of deaths, 162,996. 



Finances. The budget for 1891-'92 estimates 

 the receipts and expenses at 169,738.600 lei or 

 francs each. Of the total receipts, 29.335,000 lei 

 were derived from direct taxes, 41.205,000 lei 

 from indirect taxes. 42,950.000 lei from state 

 monopolies, 23,619,600 lei from domains, 13,- 

 527,000 lei from public works, 10,877,000 lei 

 from various administrative departments, and 

 8,225,000 lei from various other sources. Of the 

 total expenditures, 61,441,318 lei were for the 

 public debt, 63.560 lei for the Council of Minis- 

 ters, 38,355.598 lei for the Ministry of War. 22,- 

 335.435 lei for the Ministry of Finance, 17,587,- 

 886 lei for the Ministry of Public Instruction 

 and Worship, 12.226,571 lei for the Ministry of 

 the Interior, 6,176,548 lei for the Ministry of 

 Public Works, 5,229.544 lei for the Ministry of 

 Justice, -1.171.068 lei for the Ministry of Do- 

 mains, 1,508,666 lei for the Ministry of Foreign 

 AtT.-iirs, and 692,406 lei for the fund of supple-' 

 mentary and extraordinary credits. 



The public debt on April 1, 1893, amounts to 

 1,109,720,925 lei. The larger part of this debt 

 was contracted for railroad construction and 

 public works, the balance to pay for peasant 

 freeholds, to cover deficits, and to reduce the 

 unfunded debt (For the army and navy, see 

 "Annual Cyclopaedia" for 1891.) 



Commerce. The total value of imports in 

 1891 was 436,682.685 lei, and the total exports 



