690 



RUSSIA. 



Finland is 144,255 square miles, and the popu- 

 lation 2,305,916. Northern Caucasia, with 86,658 

 square miles, has 2,673,601 inhabitants; Trans- 

 caucasia, with an area of 95,799 square miles, 

 and a population of 4.784,550. The Kirghiz 

 Steppe has an area of 755,793 square miles and 

 a population of 2,000,970 ; Turkestan, an area of 

 409,414 square miles and 3,341,913 inhabitants; 

 Transcaspian Territories, an area of 214,237 

 square miles and a population of 301,476 ; the 

 Caspian Sea, an area of 169,381 square miles ; 

 Western Siberia, an area of 870,818 square miles 

 and a population of 2,023,129 ; Eastern Siberia, 

 an area of 3,044,512 square miles and a popula- 

 tion of 1,680,768 ; the Amur region, an area of 

 888,830 square miles and a population of 166,- 

 007; and Sakhalin, an area of 29,336 square 

 miles and a population of 14,645. In the Euro- 

 pean provinces of Russia the number of mar- 

 riages in 1888 was 804,084 ; births, 4,251,473 ; 

 deaths, 2,749,085. In Poland the figures were : 

 67,392 marriages, 334.268 births, and 204,031 

 deaths; in Finland, 16,748 marriages, 80,172 

 births, and 45,417 deaths; in Siberia, in 1887, 

 23,481 marriages, 212,148 births, and 150,197 

 deaths ; in the Caucasus, 56,550 marriages, 268,- 

 250 births, and 171,708 deaths ; Russians in cen- 

 tral Asia in 1885, 8,540 marriages, 52,361 births, 

 and 41,519 deaths. 



(For religion, see the " Annual Cyclopaedia " 

 for 1891.) 



Finances. The revenues are principally de- 

 rived from direct and indirect taxes, state do- 

 mains and salt mines, and the monopolies of 

 salt and tobacco. The ordinary revenue in 1891 

 amounted to 891,594,000 rubles, and the extraor- 

 dinary revenue to .37,201, 000 rubles, a total of 

 928,795,000 rubles, showing a surplus over the 

 budget estimates of 14,287,000 rubles. The or- 

 dinary expenditures amounted to 875,349,000 

 rubles, while the extraordinary expenditures 

 amounted to 240,298,000 rubles, a total of 

 1,115,647,000 rubles, which exceeded the budget 

 estimates by 153,344,000 rubles. The receipts 

 from direct taxes were 87,021,000 rubles; from 

 indirect taxes, 503,256,000 rubles ; from monop- 

 olies, 35,221,000 rubles ; from domains, etc., 

 94,780,000 rubles ; from other sources, 168,611,- 

 000 rubles. Of the ordinary expenditures, 248,- 

 020,000 rubles were for the' public debt ; 2,648,- 

 000 rubles for the superior governing bodies, 

 11,340,000 rubles for the Holy Synod, 10,560,000 

 rubles for the Ministry of the Court, 4,784.000 

 rubles for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 226,- 

 108,000 rubles for the Ministry of War, 45,468,- 

 000 rubles for the Ministry of Marine, 113,427,- 

 000 rubles for the Ministry of Finance, 24,532,- 

 000 rubles for the Ministry of Domains, 80,203,- 

 000 rubles for the Ministry of the Interior, 

 22,769,000 rubles for the Ministry of Public 

 Instruction, 56,148,000 rubles for the Ministry 

 of Communications, 23,874,000 rubles for the 

 Ministry of Justice, 4,220,000 rubles for the Con- 

 trol Department, and 1.248,000 rubles for the 

 imperial stud. The budget for 1892 estimates 

 the total revenue at 965,303,066 rubles, of which 

 886,544,325 rubles are ordinary receipts ; 4,490,- 

 336 rubles, extraordinary receipts ; and 74,268,- 

 375 rubles, the available fund of the Chamber 

 of Finances to cover the deficit. The expend- 

 itures are estimated at 965,303,063 rubles, of 



which 911,668,066 rubles are for ordinary ex- 

 penses, and 53,635,000 rubles for extraordinary 

 expenditures. 



On Jan. 1, 1892, the part of the debt of the 

 empire payable in specie, including the Polish 

 debt, was 1,155,309,650 rubles, 2,489,700, and 

 543,787,000 francs; the debt payable in paper 

 currency. 3,024,213,178 rubles. The expenditures 

 on the debt in 1892 amoxmted to 247.824,838 

 rubles. The debts to the state of railroads, mu- 

 nicipalities, and local treasuries, on Jan. 1, 1S91, 

 amounted to 1.330,136,754 rubles. On April 10, 

 1892, a new internal railroad loan of 75,000,000 

 rubles was issued, bearing 4 per cent, interest, 

 and redeemable in eighty-one years. 



The Army. Military service is obligatory, 

 and begins for all Russians at the age of twenty 

 years. The term of service is in European Kus- 

 sia five years in the active army, thirteen years 

 in the reserve, and five more years in the first 

 ban of the territorial army. In Turkestan, the 

 Amur region, as well as for the marine troops, 

 the period of service is seven years in the active 

 army, and six years in the reserve ; while the 

 troops in northern Caucasia and in the Trans- 

 caspian Territories remain three years with the 

 colors and fifteen years with the reserve. The 

 men who are not selected for the permanent 

 army form part of the first ban of the territorial 

 army, from the ages of twenty to forty-three ; 

 they, as well as the men belonging to the re- 

 serve, are called out twice a year for a six weeks' 

 drill in the former case, however, only up to 

 the age of twenty-five. All who are incapable 

 of carrying arms are allotted to the second ban 

 of the territorial army, and are only called upon 

 in case of war to complete the territorial army. 

 The total period of service for the Cossacks is 

 twenty years. All Cossacks not serving in the 

 army, or after completing thair term, form part 

 of the troops of the national defense, and may 

 only be called out by the Czar under exceptional 

 circumstances. The Christian clergy is entirely 

 exempt, and physicians, veterinarians, and phar- 

 macists are relieved from duty in time of peace. 

 All men professing the Mohammedan religion 

 can exempt themselves by paying a certain mili- 

 tary tax. For men who can prove a certain de- 

 gree of education, the military service is reduced 

 in proportion to their knowledge. 



The Russian army is divided into field troops, 

 fortress troops, local troops, reserve, second re- 

 serve, and auxiliary corps. The field troops con- 

 sisted in 1891 of 193 regiments of infantry. 20 

 regiments of riflemen, 77 separate battalions, 

 338 squadrons of cavalry, 350 batteries of artil- 

 lery, and 34| battalions of engineei's, giving a 

 total strength of 599,000 men, with 78,500 horses. 

 The fortress troops were composed of 1 regiment 

 of infantry. 26 battalions of infantry, 5 sally bat- 

 teries, and 51f battalions of artillery, making a 

 total of 37,500 men, with 250 horses. The local 

 troops formed 165 detachments, and the number 

 of men was 24,000. The reserve consisted of 18 

 regiments of infantry, 88 battalions of infantry, 

 and 33 batteries of artillery, making a total of 

 69,500 men, with 2,250 horses. The second re- 

 serve had 18 cadres for cavalry, and 2 batteries 

 of artillery, a total of 5,500 men and 5,100 horses. 

 The train consisted of 5 battalions, with 2,000 

 men and 500 horses ; while the auxiliary bodies 



