SHJAK. 



715 



200 millimeters long by a standard <"lution of 

 chemically pure sucrose ai !7.~> <vntigrade; the 

 -taiidard solution of sucrose in distilled water bc- 

 ini; such a- t<> contain at 17.5 C., in 100 cubic 

 centime!. !<. 'Jii.ni^ grams of sucrose. If the 

 >cale reads 80 degrees it shows that the sample 

 contains sn per cent, of sucrose or pure sugar. 



The regulations concerning the testing of 

 siiL'arliy the polariscope are based upon various 

 ollicial procedures, such as the one used in the 

 I'liitcil States Custom Houses, the method pre- 

 .-crilied liv the German Government, etc. They 

 embody also the result of recent research in 

 regard to sources of error in polarimetric esti- 

 mation of su_ r ar. 



All weights, flasks, polariscopic tubes, and 

 <|ii;irtx control plates used in the work of testing 

 suirar by the polariscope are standardized, and 

 their accuracy attested by the Office of Weights 

 and Measures, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 



In addition to the national bounty the State 

 of Kansas pays a bounty of } of a cent a pound 

 on suirar made from beets, sorghum, or other 

 simar-yielding cane or plants grown in the 

 Slate;' the sugar to polarize at least 90, the 

 amount having been reduced from two cents a 

 pound by Act of March 4, 1891. All property 

 of sugar factories in that State is exempt from 

 taxation until 1895. 



In Utah the territorial law (Act of March 12, 

 1890) provided under certain conditions for a 

 bounty of one cent a pound for the years 1890 

 and 1891 on sugar made from sorghum, beets, 

 or other sugar-bearing plants grown in Utah. 



In Canada, by an act passed September 30, 

 1891, sugar made from beets, from July 1, 1891, 

 to .Inly 1. 1893, is entitled to a bounty of one 

 dollar per hundred pounds and, in addition there- 

 to, three and one-third cents per one* hundred 

 pounds for each degree or fraction of a degree 

 over seventy degrees shown by the polariscope. 



The so-called bounty laws of the continental 

 countries of Europe are quite different from the 

 law in this country. A tax is imposed upon the 

 sui:ar manufactured or upon the raw material, 

 beets, and when the sugar is exported, a draw- 

 back or rebate is allowed, originally intended to 

 l>e -imply a return of the duty. But as the man- 

 ufacturers, by the method of computation, receive 

 upon exportation a greater amount as rebate 

 than was paid as tax, this premium operates as a 

 bounty on sugar exported. In Germany a new 

 law went into effect on the 1st of August, 1892, 

 which abolished the tax on beets, and increased 

 the tax on sugar entering into consumption, and 

 authorized rebates on sugar exported for a period 

 of five years, after which it is supposed that no 

 rebate in the form of a premium will be paid. 



In France the new law in regard to sugar 

 went into effect on Sept. 1, 1891, according to 

 which the Government guaranties to manufac- 

 turers of sugar a minimum premium of l..">n 

 francs per 100 kilograms of sugar. For those 

 manufacturers who work with rich beets the 

 premium will vary from 8 to 9 francs per 100 

 Kilograms, according to the richness of the beets. 



In Austria direct premiums are paid on sugar 

 exported according to polariscopic test. The 

 annual maximum of premiums is not to exceed 

 5,000.000 florins, or 10,750,000 francs. If the 

 premiums exceed this sum, the excess is to be 



reimbursed by the sugar factories in proportion 

 to their production* 



( 'ane. Su.irai -cane is about 10 per cent, fiber 

 and '.ID percent, juice. The juice contains from 

 r> to is per cent, of solids, of which 12 to 1 | 

 per cent, on a good average in sucrose, li per 

 cent, to 2 ]>er cent, glucose, $ percent, albumi- 

 noids. There are also small quantities ,,( non- 

 saccharine solids, such as gums, dextrine, etc. 



The process of boiling or evaporating the 

 juice into sirup is carried on eithi in open ket- 

 tles or in closed vessels in which the vacuum- 

 pan principle of boiling is brought into play. 

 This latter is the modern scientific met hod. Tin- 

 vessels or pans used for boiling by this process 

 are provided internally with a series of closed 

 pipes through which steam is conveyed for heat- 

 ing, the steam from the boiler of the first passing 

 by a pipe into the worm of the second, and sim- 

 ilarly the steam from the second into the worm 

 of the third, when a third vessel is employed. 

 This apparatus is called a "double effect, or 

 " triple effect," according as two or three vessels 

 are used. A quadruple or multiple effect con- 

 tinues the process a step further. The first cost of 

 the apparatus is high, but its use results in great 

 economy of fuel with a marked improvement 

 in the quality and quantity of sugar produced. 



A modern factory with the appliances requires 

 large capital. The factory recently erected by 

 the Caffrey Central Sugar Refinery and Kailroad 

 Company near Franklin, La., with seven roller 

 mills and every improvement needed to handle 

 600 tons of cane a day, cost $525,000. 



A majority of the sugar producers in this 

 country still use the old-fashioned open kettle 

 process, boiling the juice in 'open kettles until 

 the sirup has reached a certain density, when it 

 is conveyed to coolers to granulate or crystallize 

 into sugar. The product is put into hogsheads 

 and the molasses allowed to drain off. The 

 chief objection to this method of evaporation 

 arises from the fact that the high temperature 

 required to boil sugar solutions in the open air 

 converts the crystallizable sugar into inverted 

 sugar or glucose. The yield is much less than 

 by the improved methods, and the product of a 

 poorer quality. The central factory system, 

 which is being gradually adopted, tends to lessen 

 the number of small factories. Planters find it 

 more profitable to sell the cane to large factories. 

 The molasses which results from the process of 

 making sugar amounts to about 70 gallons to 

 1,000 pounds of sugar made by the open kettle 

 process, and about 40 gallons to 1,000 pounds of 

 sugar made by the centrifugals. 



The average yield of cane is about 20 tons an 

 acre. The highest yield known in this country 

 is i;.~) tons per acre, raised on the grounds of 

 the Louisiana Experiment Station. The yield 

 of sugar per ton of cane ranges from 100 to 200 

 pounds, and exceptional yields have been as high 

 as .':!() pounds to the ton. 



The quantity of sugar cane under cultivation 

 in the United States is about 250,000 acres. 

 There is sufficient land within the Southern 

 States suited to the production of sugar cane 

 to supply the entire domestic market. A crop 

 of cane properly managed is as certain as any 

 crop grown, and with a yield of 20 tons per acre, 

 a net profit of $30 per acre can be realized. 



