SNVKDKX AND NoKUAY. 



fur the purpose of taking an active part in any 

 Kurojieaii war. yet with the object of presenting 

 formidable st ivnirth and compelling tin- belliger- 

 ent countries to ivspeet the neutrality of BOH* 

 eombatants. This applies witli great force to 

 Sw.-dcii. ashcr army lias hitherto been very weak 

 and iiicflirinit to e<>pe with emergencies such as 

 would occur in case of war. According to the 

 old syMein the army of Sweden is divided inio 

 three different classes. 'I'lie first, class represents 

 the Manning army, which is recruited by volun- 

 tary enlist incut. The second class consists of 

 the' I /nil tin. an institution which borders closely 

 on the feudal military tenure. By an agreement 

 entered into between the Government and the 

 landowners some 200 years ago. privileged land- 

 owners were relieved from personal military 

 service against the payment of a certain tax on 

 their lands for the support of the Indelta, and 

 lion privileged landowners had to raise and main- 

 tain, at their own expense, a given number of 

 men. In order to arrive at some equitable dis- 

 tribution, the territory was divided into districts, 

 and each district had to support one soldier. 

 The soldier would bind himself by contract with 

 the landowner, who in turn would not only 

 have to furnish the soldier, besides paying him 

 in money, with a cottage, a small piece of land, 

 and certain supplies, but was responsible for 

 him to the Government. The service of the men 

 of the Indelta was 30 years, and their drill 

 aim united to 42 days during the first two years, 

 and afterward occasional musters and maneu- 

 vers formed the principal part of their training. 

 The third class was composed of Landwehr and 

 Landstorm, which were organized on the basis 

 of universal liability to service, but their training 

 and organization were so inefficient that the 

 standing army and the Indelta were regarded as 

 the marrow of the Swedish army. 



In order to bring the Swedish army up to the 



E roper standard, the Government introduced a 

 ill dealing with its reorganization. The soldiers 

 of the Indelta, according to the new law, will 

 henceforth be paid by the state, the raising and 

 maintenance of the men to be accomplished by 

 districts as heretofore, only the costs are refunded 

 to the landowners. The tax placed upon the 

 land of the privileged landowners for the support 

 of the Indelta is abolished ; thus the whole cost 

 of keeping the panic, hitherto borne in specie or 

 in kind by the agricultural population, will be 

 defrayed by the state. The period of regular 

 training for tho Indelta is extended to 68 days 

 in the first year and 22 days in the second year ; 

 a total of 90 days for the first two years, as 

 against 42 days formerly. The term of liability 

 to bear arms in the Landwehr and Landstorm is 

 raised from 12 to 20 years, viz., 8 years in the 

 first ban of the Landwehr, 4 years in the second 

 ban, and 8 years in the Landstorm. The men of 

 t lie first ban of the Landwehr are to be called out 

 annually for the same periods of training and at 

 the same time as the Indelta , and are to form 

 an integral part of the first fighting line. The 

 second ban of the Landwehr forms a reserve for 

 the first fighting line, and the Landstorm is to be 

 called out for garrison duty only, and for the 

 defense of the country against foreign invasion. 

 The annual contingent to be en roll ed is estimated 

 at 24,000 men. The Swedish army will be divided 



into 6 military districts ; 5 of tln-e ar distrib- 

 uted along the entire coast line of Sweden, and 1 

 is located inland in the western provinces, serv- 

 ing as a reserve, ready to be directed at any 

 moment to any threatened siot. Kadi military 

 district will have 12 battalions of infantry, 5 

 squadrons of cavalry, and 6 batteries of artillery, 

 besides engineers and train. The inland di-- 

 trict, however, will have 19 battalions of infan- 

 try. The increased annual expenditure is esti- 

 mated at 3,500,000 kronor, thus Srin^ing up the 

 total expenses of the army to about 10,000,000 

 kronor. In order to provide this sum, the Gov- 

 ernment presented bills increasing the taxes on 

 landed property, imposing special taxes on 

 personal incomes and legacies, and increasing the 

 stamp duties. All the measures dealing with 

 the reorganization of the army were passed by 

 the Diet on November 21, 1892, whereupon the 

 special session was closed . 



Norway. The present Constitution of Norway 

 was adapted on Nov. 4, 1814. The legislative 

 power is vested in the Storthing, which is com- 

 posed of 114 representatives, 38 from towns and 

 76 from rural constituencies, elected for 3 years 

 by suffrage of chosen electors. The Storthing 

 meets annually in February for two months, and 

 elects one-fourth of its members to form the 

 Lagthing ; the remaining three-fourths forming 

 the Odelsthing. All new laws are first laid before 

 the Odelsthing, and then pass to the Lagthing to 

 be accepted or rejected. In case of disagreement 

 of the Houses, a common sitting is held and a 

 two-thirds majority of the members will carry 

 the bill ; the same majority is required for altera- 

 tions in the Constitution. The executive vests in 

 the king, who exercises his authority through a 

 Council of State, which in the beginning of 1892 

 consisted of the following members : Minister <>t 

 State, Johannes Vilhelm Christian Steen. ap- 

 pointed March 6, 1891, who also holds the office 

 of iVIinister of Finance and Customs ; Education 

 and Ecclesiastical Affairs, Vilhelm Andreas 

 Wexelsen ; Justice, Ole Anton Qvum ; Interior, 

 VVollert Konow ; Public VVorks, Hans Hein 

 Theodor Nyson ; Defense, Lieut. -Col. Peter T. 

 Hoist ; Delegation at Stockholm, Otto Albeit 

 Blehr, Carl Christian lierner. Jacob Otto Lan^e. 



Area and Population. The area of Norway 

 is 124,495 square miles, and the population, ac- 

 cording to the census of Jan. 1, 1891. is 1.988.664. 

 of which 951,269 are males and 1,037,395 females. 

 The urban population is 463,631, anil the rural 

 population 1,525,033. In 1890 there were 12.5(22 

 marriages ; 60,108 births ; 35,492 deaths ; excess 

 of births, 24,016. The number of emigrants in 

 18!)1 was 13,341. as against 10,5)5(1 in 1MM). The 

 present population of Christinnia at the census of 

 1891 was 148,231 ; Bergen, 52,803 ; Trondhj. m. 

 24,743 ; Stavanger, 22.483 ; Drammeii. 20.487. 



Finances. The ordinary receipts in the year 

 ending June 30. 1891. amounted: to 51,166,800 

 kroner, of which 22,792.500 kroner are derived 

 from customs. 4,077,900 kroner from the sj.irit 

 dutv, 2.295.100 kroner from the malt duty. 630,- 

 900' kroner from stamps, i.ooii.1500 kroner from 

 courts of justice, 588.100 kroner from su. 

 duties. 1,455.900 kroner from State domains. 

 ;.r,;.;. _>(><> kroner from railroads. 10,ti27.000 kroner 

 from capital, posts and telegraphs, the univer- 

 sity, etc. The extraordinary revenue consisted of 



