722 



SWITZERLAND. 



number of marriages in 1890 was 20,836 ; births, 

 81,620 ; deaths, 64,877 ; excess of births, 16,743. 

 Of 7,516 persons who emigrated in 1891 to trans- 

 marine countries, 6,936 went to North America, 

 8 to Central America, 500 to South America, and 

 72 went to other parts of the world. On June 1, 

 1892, Zurich had a population of 96,839 ; Geneva, 

 78,106; Basel, 73,958; Bern, 47,270; and Lau- 

 sanne, 35,124. 



Finances. The receipts of the Federal Gov- 

 ernment for 1891 were 80,563,995 francs, of which 

 336,358 francs were from real property ; 1,253,115 

 francs from capital invested, 27,506 francs from 

 the general administration, 226,244 francs from 

 the political department, 1,003 francs from jus- 

 tice and police. 14,660.041 francs from the mili- 

 tary arsenals, 34,025,800 francs from finance and 

 customs, 173,082 francs from industry and agri- 

 culture, 29,849,052 francs from posts, telegraphs, 

 telephones, and railroads, and 11,794 francs from 

 miscellaneous sources. The total expenditures 

 amounted to 84,534,105 francs, of which 2,651,- 

 572 francs were for interest on the public debt 

 and sinking fund, 908,714 francs for the gen- 

 eral administration, 134,179 francs for justice 

 and police, 36,726,542 francs for the military de- 

 partment, 5,775,619 francs for finance and cus- 

 toms, 893,367 francs for the political depart- 

 ment, 8,244,323 francs for the interior, 1,742,390 

 francs for industry and agriculture, 27,421,316 

 francs for posts, telegraphs, and railroads, and 

 36,083 francs for miscellaneous expenses. 



The Federal debt on Jan. 1, 1892, amounted to 

 60,964,575 francs, against which the Government 

 holds general assets to the amount of 97,521,894 

 francs, and 16,096,261 francs in special funds. 



Commerce. The total value of the special 

 imports in 1891 was 932,391,000 francs, and that 

 of the exports 671,867,000 francs. The special 

 commerce with the principal countries in 1891 

 is given in the following table, in francs: 



The total imports of grain and flour were 

 valued at 116,813,000 francs ; spun silk, 71,725,- 

 000 francs ; animals, 48,357,000 francs ; raw 

 silk, 45,425,000 francs ; woolen thread and cloth, 

 42,355,000 francs ; cotton, 34,693,000 francs ; 

 wine, 34,567,000 francs ; apparel, 28,492,000 

 francs ; iron, 25,881,000 francs ; cottons, 24- 

 221,000 francs ; chemicals, 21,657,000 francs ; 

 machinery and carriages, 21,076,000 francs ; 

 sugar, 19,090,000 francs; coffee, 18,980,000 

 francs ; precious metals, 18,143,000 francs ; 

 manufactures of iron, 17,575,000 francs ; silk 

 manufactures, 13,831,000 francs ; timber, 13,- 

 351,000 francs ; manufactures of wool, 11,352,- 



000 francs ; leather, 10,637,000 francs ; leather 

 manufactures. 10,579,000 francs. The chief ex- 

 ports were silk manufactures, to the value of 

 125,437,OUO francs ; cotton goods, 122,261,000 

 francs; watches, 100,547,000 francs ; silk yarn, 

 56,418,000 francs ; cheese, 38,614,000 francs ; 

 machinery and , carriages, 21,565,000 francs ; 

 cotton, 21,238,000 francs ; milk, 15,114,000 

 francs ; animals, 14,830,000 francs ; coloring 

 matters, 11,722,000 francs ; apparel, 11,100,- 

 000 francs ; raw silk, 8,925,000 francs ; wool, 

 8,907,000 francs; hides and skins, 7,868,000 

 francs ; manufactures of straw, 7,335,000 francs. 

 Of the total imports, 27.5 per cent, were articles 

 of consumption ; 7 per cent., animals ; 28.9 per 

 cent., raw materials ; and 36.6 percent., manu- 

 factured articles. Of the exports, 9.4 per cent, 

 were articles of consumption ; 2.6 per cent., ani- 

 mals ; 2.9 per cent., raw materials ; and 85.1 per 

 cent., manufactured articles. 



The Army. By the laws of Nov. 13, 1874, and 

 Feb. 15, 1887, military service was made com- 

 pulsory on every Swiss citizen, who has to serve 

 in the Auszug from his 20th to his 32d year, and 

 from then until his 44th year in the Landwehr. 

 The service in the Auszug consists of the short 

 space of time necessary for acquiring the rudi- 

 ments of military tactics, and is followed by an- 

 nual exercises of a few weeks' duration. Every 

 Swiss citizen between the ages of 17 and 50 

 belongs to the Landsturm, but exemption from 

 service may be bought by an annual tax ranging 

 from 6 to 300 francs. In 1891 the strength of 

 the Swiss army was as follows : 



Coin 111 n nir.'il ions. The length of -railroads 

 open for traffic on Jan. 1, 1891, was 3,199 kilo- 

 meters. 



The post-office in 1891 forwarded 66,692,000 

 domestic letters, 13,590,000 domestic postal 

 cards, 22,520,000 pieces of printed matter, and 

 3,197,000 domestic money letters of the declared 

 value of 365,303,000 francs ; and 27,365,000 in- 

 ternational letters, 6,889,000 postal cards, 15,- 

 775,000 pieces of printed matter, and 740,000 

 international money letters of the declared value 

 of 42,482,000 francs. 



The length of telegraph lines in 1891 was 

 7.245 kilometers, with a length of wire of 19,188 

 kilometers. There were forwarded, through 

 1,411 telegraph offices, 3,818,538 dispatches, 

 of which 1,974,048 were domestic, 1,239.490 in- 

 ternational, 467,337 in transit, and 137,663 ser- 

 vice telegrams. The receipts amounted to 4,387,- 

 796 francs, and the expenses to 4,280,661 francs. 



Congress of the Institute of International 

 Law. A meeting of the Institute of Interna- 

 tional Law was held in Geneva in the beginning 



