60 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



nounced as his temporary successor. On Sept. 

 25 the Emperor relieved Baron von Merkl by 

 appointing Lieut.-Field-Marshal von Kriegs- 

 hammer Minister of War for the Whole Mon- 

 archy. Gen. Kriegshammer was born in Mora- 

 via in 1832, entered- the Neustadt Military 

 Academy in 1843, became a lieutenant in 1849, 

 was promoted to a captaincy and received the 

 cross for distinguished military service in the 

 battle of Solferino in 1859. He also served in 

 the Prussian campaign, was appointed aide to 

 the Emperor in 1869, and was promoted to the 

 rank of general and commander of the cavalry 

 corps of Cracow in 1891. 



The Common Budget. The common ex- 

 penditures are covered by the net proceeds of the 

 common customs, the deficit being made up by 

 proportionate payments of each country, Hun- 

 gary paying 2 per cent, of the total deficit, and 

 30 per cent, of the remaining 98 per cent., of 

 which Austria pays 70 per cent. The expendi- 

 tures for 1893 were estimated at 143,821,887 

 florins (1 florin = 41 cents). The estimated re- 

 ceipts from customs were 42,283,400 florins ; re- 

 ceipts of the administration, 2,677.493 florins ; 

 leaving 67,818,642 florins to be made up by Aus- 

 tria, and 31,041,352 florins to be paid by Hun- 

 gary. The ordinary expenditures amounted to 

 135,359,122 florins, of which 3,603,600 florins 

 were for the diplomatic service, 109,829,840 

 florins for the army, 9,788,280 florins for the 

 navy, 2,010,800 florins for the financial depart- 

 ment, and 126,602 florins for the Board of Con- 

 trol. The extraordinary expenses amounted to 

 18,462,765 florins, of which 46,400 florins were 

 for the diplomatic service, 16,126,965 florins for 

 the army, and 2,289,400 florins for the navy. 

 The extraordinary expenditures for Bosnia and 

 Herzegovina amounted to 3,712,000 florins. 



The general debt of the monarchy on July 1, 

 1892, amounted to 2,790,594,891 florins. Aus- 

 tria's special debt in 1891 amounted to 1,055,- 

 491,000 florins, and that of Hungary to 1,930,- 

 115,000 florins, making a total of 5,776,200,891 

 florins. The floating debt in 1892 amounted to 

 411,994,925 florins. 



Area and Population. The area of the 

 Austrian provinces is 115,903 square miles, with 

 a population on Dec. 31, 1890, of 23,895,413; 

 that of Hungary, 125,039 square miles, with a 

 population of 17,463,473. The number of mar- 

 riages in Austria in 1891 was 186,418; births, 

 947,017, of which 139,512 were illegitimate and 

 27,514 stillborn ; deaths, 673.315 ; surplus births, 

 246,188. The figures for Hungary in 1889 are: 

 Total births, 767,884, of which 12,904 were still- 

 born and 61,468 illegitimate ; marriages, 140,524 ; 

 deaths, 512,852 ; surplus of births, 242,128. 



In 1890 74,002 persons emigrated from the 

 whole monarchy, of whom 63,119 were bound 

 for North America and 1.918 for the Argentine 

 Republic. According to United States statistics, 

 there arrived in that year 38,125 Austrians and 

 24,994 Hungarians. 



The principal cities and their population on 

 Dec. 31, 1890, were: Vienna, the capital of Aus- 

 tria, 1,364,548; Prague, 310,483; Trieste, 158,- 

 344; Lemberg, 128,419; Buda-Pesth, the Hun- 

 garian capital, 506,384 ; Szegedin, 87,210. 



The population, according to language, was 

 as follows in 1890 : Germans in Austria, 8,461,- 



580, in Hungary, 1,972,115; Bohemians, Mora- 

 vians, and Slovaks in Austria, 5,472,871, in Hun- 

 gary, 1,892,806; Polish in Austria, 3.719,232; 

 Ruthenians in Austria, 1,176,672, in Hungary, 

 360,051; Slovenes in Austria, 1,176,672; in 

 Hungary, 86,401 ; Servians and Croatians in 

 Austria, 644,926, in Hungary, 2,359.708 ; Italians 

 in Austria, 675.305 ; Roumanians in Austria, 

 209,110, in Hungary, 2,423,387; Magyars in 

 Austria, 8,139, in Hungary, 6,478.711. Besides 

 these there are 82,256 gypsies and 83,940 persons 

 speaking various other languages in Hungary. 



The Army. Military service is compulsory, 

 and has a duration of twelve years, of which 

 three years are spent in active service, seven 

 years in the reserve, and two years in the Land- 

 wehr. Besides this the army and the Landwehr 

 have a so-called Ersatz reserve, into which 

 those are drafted who are either exempt from 

 active service or are disqualified by personal de- 

 fects, but are otherwise capable of carrying arms. 

 Those immediately drafted into the Ersatz re- 

 serve of the army have to serve ten years, and 

 those in the Ersatz reserve of the Landwehr 

 twelve years. Those discharged after twelve 

 years of service form for another ten years part 

 of the Landsturm, to which every male citizen 

 between the ages of nineteen and forty-two not 

 serving in any of the other categories belongs. 

 The Landwehr is organized independently of 

 the common army and separately in the two 

 monarchies. It is called out in time of peace 

 for drill and instruction only, and in case of war 

 the Emperor's command is required to mobilize 

 it. The Landsturm can only be called out in 

 time of war, by order of the Emperor, and can 

 not be utilized outside of its own territory unless 

 a special statute provides for it. The contingent 

 of recruits for the army in 1893 was 103,100, of 

 which Austria furnished 60,389, and Hungary 

 42,711. There were besides a contingent of re- 

 cruits for the Ersatz reserve, numbering 27,400, 

 a contingent of 10,000 recruits for the Austrian 

 Landwehr, and a contingent of 12,500 recruits 

 for the Honved or Hungarian Landwehr. The 

 peace effective for 1893 was as follows : Infantry, 

 210,780, of which 187,846 belonged to the army 

 and 22,934 to the Landwehr ; cavalry, 49,459, of 

 which 45,360 belonged to the army and 4,099 to 

 the Landwehr ; field artillery, 27,267 ; fortress 

 artillery, 8,130 ; technical troops, 9,623 ; train, 

 3,146 ; sanitary troops, 2.712 ; general and field 

 officers, etc., 5,932 ; military establishments, 

 8,982; making a total of 326,031. The war 

 footing is fixed at 1,753,583, of which the regular 

 army furnishes 939,192, the Landwehr 355,127, 

 and the Landsturm 459,264. 



The annual manoeuvres of the Austro-Hun- 

 garian army began at Guns, Sept. 16, and con- 

 tinued six days. The scheme of operations cov- 

 ered an unusually wide territory, and by order 

 of the Emperor all movements were directed in 

 the Hungarian language. On the first day the 

 Army of the South, consisting of two army 

 corps, commanded by Field-Marshal Reinlander. 

 began its march upon Guns, that town being 

 occupied and defended by the Army of the 

 North, consisting of three army corps, under 

 command of Field-Marshal von Schonfeld. On 

 the third day an attack was made on Guns, 

 great masses of cavalry being precipitated upon 



