100 



BRAZIL. 



immigration. The population of Rio de Janeiro 

 is about 800,000 ; of San Salvador, Bahia, 200,- 

 000 ; of Recife, Pernambuco, 190.000 ; of San 

 Paulo, 100,000 ; of Belem, Para, 65,000 ; of Porto 

 Alegre, 55,000. 



Commerce and Production. The annual 

 production of coffee in Brazil is about 1,000,- 

 000,000 pounds, or 56 per cent, of the total pro- 

 duction of the globe. The bulk of the world's 

 supply of raw rubber comes from this country, 

 which is also a large producer of sugar, tobacco, 

 and cotton. Many valuable forest products enter 

 into commerce, and gold mines are worked by 

 English and French companies which yield over 

 $375,000 a year. Great deposits of iron and 

 other mineral resources lie un worked. There 

 are 17,000,000 head of cattle. The value of the 

 total exports rose from 317,822,000 milreis in 

 1886 to 317,822,000 milreis in 1890, and of im- 

 ports from 197,501,500 to 260,100,000 milreis. 

 Besides imposing heavy import duties, the Gov- 

 ernment levies an export duty on the principal 

 national products. The crops of 1891 and 1892 

 were abundant, and the receipts of the custom- 

 house increased nearly 50 per cent. In 1892 the 

 coffee exported from Rio Janeiro amounted to 

 3,701,845 bags of about 60 kilos each, while 

 3,588,007 bags were exported from Santos, and 

 105.270 bags from Victoria. In the same year 

 were exported 51,935 tons of sugar from Per- 

 nambuco, 688,930 hides from Rio Grande do 

 Sul, and from Para India rubber of the value of 

 44,637,004 milreis, cacao for 3,501,658 milreis, and 

 Brazil nuts for 1,144,380 milreis. 



Navigation. In the two years 1889 and 1890 

 there were entered at Brazilian ports 5,926 

 foreign and 897 Brazilian ocean vessels, of 4,954,- 

 928 and 355,115 tons aggregate capacity respec- 

 tively, and cleared 4,650 foreign vessels, of 4,706,- 

 483 tons, and 269 Brazilian vessels, of 140,307 

 tons. The coasting vessels entered were 1,997, 

 of 2,923,296 tons, under foreign flags, and 5,258, 

 of 2,649,195 tons, under the national flag, and 

 cleared 1,825 foreign vessels, of 2.525,150 tons, 

 and 6,987 Brazilian vessels, of 2.905,373 tons. 

 Congress has made a law that will have the effect 

 of excluding foreign vessels from the coasting 

 trade. A German line of steamers has been es- 

 tablished for direct trade between Hamburg and 

 Rio Grande do Sul. The merchant marine of 

 Brazil in 1890 comprised 149 sailing vessels and 

 115 steamers. 



Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. In 1892 

 the total length of the completed railroads was 

 4,788 miles. There were 2,832 miles in course 

 of construction, and 3,345 miles more were pro- 

 jected. Of the roads in operation the State 

 owned 1,533 miles and subsidized companies 

 3,018 miles. The Government guarantees 6 or 

 7 per cent, interest on the capital of the latter. 

 The capital invested in the state lines up to the 

 end of 1888 was 195,636,000 milreis, and in all 

 the railroads 488,148,327 milreis. 



The post-office in 1890 carried 18,246,739 pri- 

 vate letters and 19,280,135 newspapers and 

 printed inclosures. The receipts were 3,243,- 

 421 milreis ; while the expenses amounted to 

 9,323,108 milreis. 



The telegraph lines in 1892 had a total length 

 of 17,530 miles. The number of messages sent 

 in 1891 was 1,130,229. 



Finances. The receipts of the Federal Gov- 

 ernment for 1891 amounted to 227,921,227 mil- 

 reis, and the expenditures to 205,948.000 milreis. 

 The revenue in 1892 exceeded 215,000,000 mil- 

 reis, being 7,000,000 milreis more than the esti- 

 mate ; but the expenditure amounted to 256,- 

 000,000 milreis, exceeding the estimate by 50,- 

 000,000 milreis, and leaving a deficit of 41,000,- 



000 milreis. The estimated receipts for 1893 

 were 213,000,000 milreis, derived from the fol- 

 lowing sources: Import duties and surtax, 150,- 

 000,000 milreis; railroads, 20,840,000 milreis;: 

 stamps, 10,500,000 milreis; new tobacco stamps,, 

 6,000,000 milreis ; post-office and telegraphs,, 

 6,600,000 milreis ; fines, etc., 4,770,000 milreis ; 

 port charges, etc., 3,786,000 milreis ; transfer 

 taxes, 3,200,000 milreis ; deposits, 3,500,000 mil- 

 reis ; various, 3.804,000 milreis. The estimated 

 expenditures were 211,649,922 milreis, not in- 

 cluding a deficit of 110,240,715 milreis not yet 

 provided for. They were distributed as follows 

 among the Departments of the Government: 

 Finance, 71,354,766 milreis; Industry and Pub- 

 lic Works, 66,784,902 milreis; War, 30,555,38$ 

 milreis; Marine, 15,676,230 milreis; Public In- 

 struction, 14,847,487 milreis ; Interior, 5,387,062 

 milreis; Justice, 5,385,367 milreis; Foreign Af- 

 fairs, 1,658,725 milreis. 



The foreign debt in 1892 amounted to 29,- 

 759,500 sterling, paying interest mainly at the 

 rate of 4 per cent., not including a loan of 1,~ 

 000,000 subsequently raised in London and bear- 

 ing 5 per cent, interest. The internal funded 

 debt, paying mostly 5 per cent., amounted to 

 391,956,700 milreis. Besides this there was a 

 floating debt of 118,000,000 milreis, and 167,611,- 

 397 milreis of paper money was in circulation. 

 For the payment of the foreign debt a sinking 

 fund of 1 per cent, has been provided, to be ap- 

 plied to the purchase of the bonds when they are 

 below par in the market, and to the redemption 

 of them in the order in which they are drawn by 

 lot otherwise. 



The Army. Service is obligatory, no substi- 

 tution being allowed, and liability to conscrip- 

 tion by lot is universal. The period of service 

 is three years for recruits who present them- 

 selves promptly for the drawing, but such as 

 delay or seek to evade conscription are held for 

 four or six years. The organization and distri- 

 bution of the army are subject to the control of 

 Congress. By the law of December, 1891, the 

 active strength of the army is limited to 20,000 

 officers and men besides 600 cadets in the mili- 

 tary school and 400 in the artillery school. 

 The whole force of the standing army, which 

 can be doubled in case of mobilization, was 

 1,600 officers and 28,877 men in 1891. There 

 is besides a gendarmerie of 15,000 men. The 

 active army is organized in 36 battalions of 

 infantry, besides 1 transportation company and 



1 depot company for instruction ; 12 regiments 

 of cavalry of 4 squadrons each, besides 2 corps 

 of 4 companies, 5 companies of picked cavalry 

 for garrison service, and 1 garrison squadron ; 

 5 regiments of field artillery and 5 batteries 

 of fortress artillery; and 2 battalions of en- 

 gineers. Of the gendarmerie, 2,000 are at Rio 

 de Janeiro. A National Guard is maintained in 

 the States, and a plan for its reorganization has 

 been adopted and partly carried out. 



