BRAZIL. 



101 



The Nary. Tin- Bra/ilian navy consists of 8 

 ug armor-dads, 3 lirsl class and 8 second- 

 class rniJMTs, ."> school ships, 2 paddle-wheel 

 tran.-ports. and fore-oast defense 9 screw ami H 

 paddlo-wlied gunboats, 4 monitors, and 9 first- 

 cln-^ torpedo hDiii-, besides 4 tenders and 

 steamboats for harbor service. The " Riachu- 

 ld." having a displacement of 5,700 tons and 

 iii;ine> of 7,:><>0 horse power, giving a nominal 

 >peed of Kij knots, was built in England in IN*:!. 

 The " Ai|iiidaban," of 4,950 tons and a speed of 

 !." knots, was built there in 1885, and is of more 

 modern type. Both have steel hulls, sheathed 

 with wood, and covered with copper on the bot- 

 tom. They are fitted with twin screws, and 

 have a draught of 19 and 18 feet respectively. 

 Each has a belt of steel-faced armor which is 11 

 inches thick at the water line, and 2 turrets 

 protected by 10-inch armor. Each turret con- 

 tains 2 9-inch or 20-ton breechloading rifled can- 

 non, throwing 300-pound shells. The " Riachu- 

 elo" carries 6 5^-inch breechloading rifles and 

 15 rapid-firing and machine guns, and has 5 

 tubes for Whitehead torpedoes. The secondary 

 battery of the " Aquidaban " consists of 4 70- 

 pounders and 2 rapid-fire and 13 machine guns. 

 The " Javari," built in France in 1875, is an iron 

 ship of light enough draught for coast defense 

 or river service, with a displacement of 3,700 

 tons, protected with from 12 to 13 inches of 

 wrought-iron armor, having twin screws and en- 

 gines of 2,500 horse power, giving a nominal 

 speed of 11J knots. She is a double-turreted 

 snip, carrying 4 10-inch muzzle-loading Whit- 

 worth guns in her turrets and 6 5-inch guns on 

 the mam deck. The 6 cruisers are all effective 

 modern ships. The deck-armored twin-screw 

 " Almirante Tamandare," of 4,735 tons, has, with 

 7,500 indicated horse power, a speed of 17 knots, 

 And is armed with 10 5|-inch and 2 4f-inch 

 rapid-fire guns and 8 machine guns. The " Ben- 

 jamin Constant," of 2,750 tons, with 2,800 horse 

 power and twin screws, has a speed of 14 knots 

 And carries 4 6-inch and 8 4f-inch rapid-fire 

 guns, besides 10 small rapid-fire and machine 

 suns, and is fitted with 4 tubes for launching 

 Whitehead torpedoes. The twin-screw " Re- 

 publica,'' with 3,300 horse power, can steam 17 

 knots. Her protective deck is 2 inches thick, 

 and her armament consists of 6 4f-inch and 4 

 6-pounder rapid-firing guns, besides 4 torpedo 

 tubes. The " Trajano," of 1,400 tons, is able to 

 make 13 knots with her single screw, with 2,400 

 indicated horse power, and is armed with 7 4f- 

 inch breechloading rifles. The " Tiradentes," of 

 800 tons, has engines of 1,200 horse power and 

 twin screws, giving her a speed of 14^ knots, 

 and is armed with 4 4$-incn and 3 6-pounder 

 rapid-firing guns and 2 torpedo tubes. The 

 " Brazil," of 1,518 tons, and the " Lima-Barros," 

 of 1,350 tons, cruising vessels of antiquated type 

 now only useful as floating batteries, carry 4 7- 

 inch and 4 68-pounder Whitworth rifle guns 

 each. The " Sete de Setembro," an old wooden 

 ship of 2,145 tons, capable of making 12 knots 

 with twin screws, driven by 2,000 horse power, 

 has 4 9-inch Whitworth guns mounted on a bar- 

 bct t c. which is protected by 4^-inch plates. The 

 " Marriz-e-Barros, of 1,440 tons, and the " Bahia," 

 of 1,000 tons, are ancient ironclads with 4| to 

 5-inch armor, carrying 1 4-inch and the other 



2 7-inch muzzle loaders. The " Rio Grande " 

 and the " Piauhy," river monitors plated with 

 4^-inch armor, carry each a single 70-pounder. 



There are naval arsenals at Rio, Ladario de 

 Matto Grosso, Para, Pernambuco, and Bahia. The 

 policy of the republican (iovrrmnent has been to 

 manufacture vessels and all materials of war in 

 the country. The " Almirante Tamandare " was 

 built at Rio, and in 1893 there were under con- 

 struction 2 cruisers of 7,250 tons and 2 river 

 monitors. The navy is officered by 1 admiral, 2 

 vice-admirals, 8 rear-admirals, 17 captains, 29 

 commanders, 60 first lieutenants, and 250 second 

 lieutenants, with 79 surgeons and 80 paymas- 

 ters. There are 650 mechanics, 3,500 sailors, and 

 1,500 apprentices. The marine corps consists of 

 3,021 men, besides a naval battalion of 990. 



Revolt in Rio Grande do Sul. A revolu- 

 tionary attempt of the Federalists to overthrow 

 the State government was defeated in June, 

 1892, and the victorious Castilhistas hunted their 

 opponents down, committed horrible deeds of 

 massacre and rapine, and compelled thousands 

 to take refuge in Uruguay and the Argentine 

 Republic. Some of the chiefs took advantage of 

 the amnesty that was subsequently proclaimed. 

 Silveira Martins, the head of the party, with 

 Joco Tavares and other fighting leaders, re- 

 mained abroad and set to work secretly to collect 

 arms and organize their followers, who were 

 thirsting for revenge. Toward the close of 1892 

 they were ready to cross the Uruguayan frontier 

 and again raise the partisan standard in Rio 

 Grande do Sul. The State authorities, antici- 

 pating invasion, reverted to the policy of ter- 

 rorism in the hope of crushing the incipient rev- 

 olution. Their official organ, the " Federacao " 

 of Porto Alegre. on Oct. 29, 1892, published an 

 astounding account of a widely ramified revolu- 

 tionary conspiracy that had been found out 

 through the interception of letters in the post- 

 office of Santa Maria. This story, which was 

 regarded as a fiction, afforded a pretext for vio- 

 lating the amnesty. On Oct. 31 the police entered 

 the house of Friedrich Hansel, a leader of the 

 German community, and in pretending to arrest 

 him treacherously shot him from behind. Col. 

 Jose Fagundo da Silva Taveres defended his 

 house with the aid of his half-grown sons and 

 daughter till all were shot down, when he was 

 carried away wounded. More than 50 persons 

 were arrested in Porto Alegre, and large numbers 

 in other places, but most of the prominent Fed- 

 eralists succeeded in making their escape. When 

 the elections were held on Nov. 20 less than one 

 sixth of the electors went to the polls. Already 

 the Federalists had begun to make raids across 

 the border in guerilla bands. Gen. Saraiva was 

 recruiting an army for an invasion, and the Fed- 

 erals of Bage, Yaguaron, and other towns or- 

 ganized and armed themselves. When Saraiva 

 crossed the frontier, and was successful in his 

 first encounter with the State troops, and when 

 Tavares, at the head of a considerable force, laid 

 siege to Santa Anna, the Federal Government 

 suggested the appointment of interventors to 

 settle the dispute of the warring factions in the 

 State. Silveira Martins gave it to be understood 

 that no intervention would be acceptable, and 

 that nothing would satisfy the Federalists except 

 the removal of Gov. Castilho. When the in- 



