126 



CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA. 



work on the Monarch reef. In the Transvaal, 

 where public feeling was hostile to the Company, 

 an American filibuster, named Whittaker, en- 

 rolled a force of 330 white men, all of British 

 origin, to serve with Lobengula. A few lawless 

 and adventurous Boers were willing to join these 

 volunteers, to whom Lobengula promised farms. 

 In the beginning of October a police patrol ex- 

 changed shots with a party of Matabele scouts 

 across the Shashi river. When Dr. Jameson had 

 procured additional horses from the Orange 

 Free State and the Transvaal, he sent out two 

 divisions each of 400 mounted men, armed with 

 Winchesters and with Maxim and other machine 

 guns, from Fort Victoria and Fort Salisbury, 

 with the object of attacking LobenguhVs forces 

 in Matabeleland, and, after affecting a junction, 

 marching upon Bulawayo, the king's kraal. 

 The officers were men experienced in African 

 warfare, such as Major Sir John Willpughby, 

 Major Forbes, Capt. Lendy, and Captain Hay- 

 man, of the Cape mounted rifles. Major Goo Id 

 Adams, commanding the border police, took 220 

 men from the garrisons at Maclutse and Fort 

 Tuli, and was joined at Tati by 200 of the Bechu- 

 analand police, while Major Gray undertook to 

 raise 150 more, and Khama furnished 1,500 

 trained men armed with Martini- Henry rifles. 

 Major Adams, who had two or three field guns, 

 as well as several machine guns, was ordered to 

 advance at once upon Lobengula's capital and 



FORGING POINTS FOR ASSEGAIS. 



co-operate with the other two columns. On 

 Oct. 15 the advance guard of the Fort Salis- 

 bury column encountered a party of Matabele 

 who were guarding cattle and put them to 

 flight. About the same time a detachment of 

 400 of the native levies, led by whites, attacked 

 a position held by a body of Matabele, but after 

 an engagement, in which the Matabele lost 30 

 men, the Company's force retreated. 



Cecil Rhodes hastened to Mashonaland to as- 

 sume the direction of the operations. Loben- 

 gula sent envoys to treat with Major Goold 

 Adams, who was advancing to the pass leading 

 to Bulawayo; but when the delegates entered 

 Tati they were seized as prisoners, two who at- 

 tempted to escape being shot. The relentless 

 and irreconcilable spirit in which the colonists 

 had opened the campaign impelled the Imperial 

 Government to interfere. Sir Henry Loch was 

 ordered to the scene of hostilities to supersede 

 Cecil Rhodes as commander-in-chief. and after 

 his arrival all operations and negotiations were 

 conducted by him under instructions from the 

 Marquis of Ripon, Colonial Secretary. 



Swaziland. The native State of Swaziland 

 is inclosed on three sides by the territory of the 

 South African Republic, and on the east is sepa- 

 rated from the sea by Tongaland, part of which, 

 by the Anglo-Portuguese agreement of June 11, 

 1891, was included in the English sphere of in- 

 fluence, while the rest is attached to the Portu- 

 guese province of Lorenzo Marques. The area 

 of Swaziland is estimated at 10,000 miles. The 

 native population is about 60,000. Boers of the 

 Transvaal hold titles to farms and winter.graz- 

 ing-grounds, and there is a settled trading and 

 pastoral population of about 600 whites, which 

 is increased in winter to 1,500. The king, Ung- 

 wam, at the age of twelve, succeeded Umban- 

 dine in 1890, and the native government is di- 

 rected by the queen regent, who has a council 

 of 40 chiefs. In the treaty of 1881, in which the 

 independence of the Transvaal Republic was 

 recognized, the English Government, which had 

 befriended the Swazis in their difficulties with 

 the Zulus, inserted a clause by which the inde- 

 pendent and autonomous existence of the Swazi 

 nation was affirmed. By a convention concluded 

 in 1884 between the Transvaal and the British 

 governments the independence of Swaziland 

 was guaranteed under their joint protection. In 

 1890 a convention was concluded which vested 

 the government of the whites in a mixed com- 

 mission, consisting of the resident agent of the 

 Swazi nation, as chairman, and representatives of 

 Great Britain and the South African Republic. 

 The Resident Adviser and Agent of the Native 

 Government in 1893 was Theophilus Shepstone ; 

 the Transvaal member of the commission, D. J. 

 Esselen ; the British representative, Col. Martin. 

 The revenue of the state for 1891-'92 consisted 

 of 14,000 contributed by the protecting govern- 

 ments, and 3,370 raised by taxation. The ex- 

 penditure was 17,080. 



The convention of 1890 was concluded for 

 three years, ending Aug. 8, 1893. The Transvaal 

 Government denounced it, giving the required 

 six months' notice, necessitating a new settle- 

 ment or a reversion to the status quo ante. A 

 conference between the British High Commis- 

 sioner and the President of the South African 

 Republic to arrange a final settlement as pleni- 

 potentiaries of their respective governments was 

 appointed to be held at Colesberg, Cape Colony, 

 on April 18, 1893. A modification of the con- 

 vention in favor of the Transvaal had been 

 promised in 1891 by the Salisbury Government, 

 which undertook that, if President Krtiger, of 

 the Transvaal, would prevent the threatened 

 great Boer trek which endangered the British 

 claim to Mashonaland, it would consider the 

 question before the expiration of the three years. 

 Already in 1890 the British Government had 

 been prepared to hand the administration of 

 Swaziland over to the Boers, but was prevented 

 by popular clamor, on the proof of mining and 

 other interests in Swaziland belonging to Brit- 

 ish subjects, from carrying out its, preliminary 

 agreement ; and, instead of it, assented to the 

 Boer project of building a railroad to the sea 

 through Tongaland to Kosi Bay. The Cape Colo- 

 nists were anxious to debar the Boers from all 

 railroad communications, except through their 

 colony, and to force the South African Republic 

 to join the South African customs union, from 



