( IT1KS, AMERICAN. (BAYKIELD, CAIRO.) 



153 



connected with the world by the two trunk lines 

 of railroad, the Louisville, New Orleans and 

 and tin- Texas and Pacific. It has 2 

 I. inks, an insurance company, a board of trade, 

 M >i<ms of street railway, electric lighting, and 

 \\atrr works,! daily and H weekly newspapers, 



umic- 



>f all denominations, a good p 

 >ys| ( -m. and private institutions for the 

 education of women. The State Uni- 

 versity and Agricultural and Mechanical College 

 is here, as are also the institution for the educa- 

 tion of the deaf and dumb and blind (established 

 in 1852), and the State Prison. There is a na- 

 tional arsenal and barracks, and a military hos- 

 pital. The Statehouse is a handsome building. 

 The industries of the city include a cotton-seed- 

 oil mill, a brickyard, an artificial ice and cold- 

 storage company, with a building and plant that 

 cost $100,000 and has a daily capacity of 60 tons 

 of ice, a small broom factory, a sash, door, and 

 blind factory, several cotton and moss ginneries, 

 and a lumber company operating a sawmill 

 within the city limits which cuts 40,000 feet of 

 lumber a day and manufactures shingles by the 

 million. Thousands of cords of ash are shipped 

 annually to New Orleans for firewood, and 

 white oak is cut into pipe staves and shipped to 

 Europe. Ten miles from the city a large saw- 

 mill has been erected for the sole purpose of 

 squaring out logs of oak, gum, and hickory for 

 shipment in the log to England. Cypress is 

 abundant and cheap. The rich alluvial lands 

 south and west of the city produce from 2,000 to 

 4.000 pounds of dry sugar to the acre ; 60 bushels 

 of rice, and 50 barrels of corn are not an un- 

 usual yield. Vegetables and fruit are also 

 raised in abundance. The forests are full of the 

 magnolia grandiflora and yellow jasmine, and 

 the flowers bloom all winter in the city gardens. 

 Bayfleld, a city of Wisconsin, county seat of 

 Bayfield County, on Lake Superior, 18 miles 

 north of Ashland, and about 66 miles east of 

 Duluth. Its harbor, directly under the lee of 

 the Apostle Islands, possesses great natural ad- 

 vantages, and has been reported by United States 

 engineers as requiring no improvements. As it 

 lies on the route between the shore ports, the 

 steamers touch regularly at the wharf. The city 

 has an altitude of 616 feet. The population in 

 1880 was 495 ; in 1890, 1,373. It is reached by 

 the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha 

 Railroad, and is a health resort, particularly in 

 cases of hay fever. Its three leading industries 

 are luml>er, brownstone, and fish. A logging 

 railroad has been built into the forests adjacent, 

 and a towing company is one of the growing in- 

 stitutions. During the season of 1892 it towed 

 41,000,000 feet of logs. One lumber company 

 has constructed a wharf of its own, and in the 

 season of 1892, from May 1 to Nov. 19, it turned 

 out 18,000.000 feet of merchantable lumber. A 

 box factory is in operation. From Bayfield was 

 shipped to the World's Fair at Chicago the great 

 brownstone monolith, 107 feet high, which will re- 

 main as a permanent attraction on the grounds, 

 as well as the 4 obelisks forming part of the 

 State exhibit. The output from one brownstone 

 quarry on Bass Island, 3 miles from the city, 

 was 300,000 cubic feet in 1892. About 200 per- 

 sons are employed in fishing among the Apostle 

 Islands, for which about 25 sailing vessels are re- 



quired. One fish-packing company owns 3 steam 

 tugs and an entire block of the Jake front, with 

 2,000 feet of wharf room. About $160,<;00 were 

 expended in building improvements in Bayfield 

 in 1892. There are 2 banks, 1 national; a high 

 school, a public-school system into which the 

 kindergarten has been introduced, and a Catholic 

 parochial school ; Presbyterian, Methodist, Catho- 

 lic, Episcopalian, Swedish Lutheran, and Scandi- 

 navian Congregational churches ; a Catholic or- 

 phanage, and a three-story brick building for the 

 use of resident and traveling priests and brothers 

 of the Franciscan order. Water and electric 

 lighting are supplied by private companies, and 

 there is a hose company. The county newspaper 

 is issued weekly. The Masons and Odd Fellows 

 have halls, and there is a Grand Army post. 



Cairo, a city of Illinois, county seat of Alexan- 

 der County, known as the Delta City, at the con- 

 fluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, at the 

 southern extremity of the State, 175 miles below 

 St. Louis. It had a population of 10,324 by the 

 last Federal census, and now claims 14,000. In 

 1880 it had 9,011. The importance of the s-ite 

 of the city was realized as early as 1818. when a 

 company was formed to improve it, which was 

 short-lived. In 1838, when a charter was given 

 to the Illinois Central Railroad, the Cairo City 

 and Canal Company was organized, largely with 

 English capital, and large mills, an immense 

 foundry, and iron works were erected, and a 

 population of 2,500 was attained. The finest 

 marine ways and floating docks on the river 

 were also built, which afterward were taken to 

 Algiers. La., and during the early part of the 

 civil war did a great deal of work for the Con- 

 federacy. Three years later, on the suspension of 

 building operations on the Illinois Central, the 

 town declined, and was almost abandoned, hav- 

 ing a population of but 250, living in flat-boats 

 along the levees. A trust company, which is still 

 in existence, was subsequently formed for the de- 

 velopment of the place, and in 1855 the first train 

 of cars entered the city. In addition to the levees, 

 an embankment 80 feet wide and 10 feet high 

 was begun in 1857, but in 1858 the town was 

 nearly destroyed by a flood. The levees are now 

 more than 7 miles in extent, and tower 55 feet 

 above low-water mark. Inside the streets have 

 been filled to a height approximating the levees. 

 They are paved with a material known as Elm 

 concrete (a species of broken stone mingled with 

 iron ore), found in Alexander County, which is 

 practically indestructible, as it becomes harder 

 and more compact with use. The 7 miles of 

 river front has always a depth of 30 feet of water, 

 and the city has a larger number of arrivals and 

 departures 'of vessels every year than any other 

 inland port in the United States, as low water 

 and ice never interfere with navigation of the 

 Mississippi below this point. In May, 1892, the 

 United States war ship " Concord " arrived in the 

 harbor, by order of the Secretary of the Navy, 

 and for four days lay at anchor in 10 fathoms 

 of water. The Illinois Central Railroad bridge 

 across the Ohio river, with the approaches, is 4 

 miles in length, and cost $4,000,000. Its 13 

 piers of limestone, 53 feet high, rest upon caissons 

 of timber sunk 70 to 80 feet below the bed of the 

 river and filled with concrete. The Mobile and 

 Ohio Railroad crosses the same river bv a trans- 





