EAST AFRICA. 



271 



taken by storm. The deposed Sultan then 



abandoned tin- struggle. A Soudanese garrison 

 was left to defend WitU, When Mr. Thompson 

 endeavored to restore order under Mritish rule. 



/an/ihur. After tho ports and territories of 

 the Sultan <>f Zanzibar on tho African mainland 

 had been ceded, with the forts, buildings, har- 

 Imrs. and oilier impro\ eiiients, to German and 

 Kngiish companies, the protectorate over the 

 islands of Zanzibar and remba, the remaining 

 pi> e-isions of the Sultan, was conceded In (livnt 

 Britain by the new Anglo-German agreement of 

 1890. The British protectorate was established 

 in October, 1891, when executive officers were 

 appointed by tho British Crown to take charge 

 of the different departments. The regular (!<>\- 

 ermnent thus instituted consisted of Gen. Lloyd 

 Mathews. who was made president of the Gov- 

 ernment and took charge of the interior depart- 

 ment and the disbursements of the treasury; 

 Hugh Robertson, who attended to the collection 

 of the revenue ; Capt. Hatch, commander of the 

 military forces and the police; Capt. Hardinge, 

 officer of the port and director of lighthouses ; 

 Bomanji, placed in charge of the public works; 

 and Mohammed Ben Saif, treasurer. Mr. Rob- 

 ertson was succeeded as collector by Mr. Strick- 

 land in 1892. Zanzibar was declared a free port 

 for all articles except arms, powder, spirits, and 

 kerosene, on Feb. 1, 1892. Gradually the au- 

 thority of the Sultan was entirely superseded 

 and his officers and retainers dismissed. The 

 property and revenues of the Seyyid or Sultan 

 having been taken away from him, he was al- 

 lowed a civil list sufficient to maintain his di- 

 minished establishment. On March 5, 1893, the 

 Seyyid AH ben Said, who had succeeded his 

 brother Burgash on Feb. 13, 1890, died. This 

 gave an opportunity to cut down the civil list 

 by 200,000 rupees and appoint a successor who 

 would be more completely under the control of 

 the British consul-general, who already had 

 power and authority to decide on all the acts 

 and expenditures of the Zanzibar Government. 

 The Sultan's son, Kali Burgash, claimed the 

 succession, and relying on the rebellious spirit 

 that had long been rife among the natives, gain- 

 ing admittance to the palace, he proclaimed 

 himself Seyyid. Capt. Campbell had landed 250 

 marines from the British cruiser " Philomel " 

 and drawn them up in front of the building. 

 This force at once, in anticipation of trouble, 

 seized the palace and made Kali a prisoner be- 

 fore the native troops and civil population 

 showed the first signs of revolting. The people 

 were so thoroughly cowed that the acting con- 

 sul-general, Rennell Rodd, was enabled to" pro- 

 claim Hamid ben Thwain, a grandnephew of 

 AH ben Said, and install him as Sultan without 

 exciting the least symptom of insubordination or 

 insurrection. The arrangement whereby the 

 ports of the Benadir coast were given up to 

 Italy was carried out on July 16 in a proclama- 

 tion of the new Sultan, granting the administra- 

 tion of the ports and territories to the Italian 

 Government for the period of three years. 



Uganda. The Kingdom of Uganda, inhab- 

 ited by an intelligent and progressive race, ex- 

 tremely susceptible to educational influences, has 

 possessed an organized government in which the 

 King is an absolute monarch, next to whom is 



the Katikoro, who is chief judge and commander 

 of the army, and acts as King during his alienee. 

 The country is divided into 10 administrative 

 districts, each under a great chief, who is re- 

 sponsible to the King. <>1 cmial rank with these 

 chiefs are the MujaM and the Kimbugwe, and 

 under the 12 great chiefs are [nnumbentble lead- 

 ers of various grades. The King is Mwanga, 

 son of Mtesa, whom he succeeded in 1884. ('apt. 

 F. D. Lugard arrived in Mengo, the capital, in 

 December, !*!<. with a force of soldiers in the 

 pay of the British Kast Africa Company, built a 

 fort at Kampala commanding the capital, and 

 exacted a treaty, by which the King accepted 

 the direction of the company in financial, mili- 

 tary, and foreign affairs. The King had prayed for 

 the assistance of the company in his war with the 

 Mohammedan party, but at'first refused to sign 

 the treaty accepting the sovereignty of the East 

 Africa Company. While his people stood out side 

 threatening to shoot him if he signed, and Capt. 

 Lugard's Soudanese guards were drawn up with 

 fixed bayonets and Capt. Lugard threatened to 

 set a Mohammedan king on the throne, Mwan- 

 ga signed, but called out, " If another white man, 

 greater than this one, shall come up afterward 

 these words shall be wiped out, and we make 

 another treaty." Uganda had been placed with- 

 in the sphere of British influence by the interna- 

 tional agreements with Germany and Italy, but 

 in attempting to establish a protectorate the 

 company acted on its own responsibility without 

 the direct sanction of the British Government. 

 Mwanga had been expelled a year or more be- 

 fore, and, after several changes of kings, the 

 Mohammedans finally arose against the Chris- 

 tians and drove them from the country. The 

 Catholic and Protestant Christians entered into 

 a league to recover their country and reinstate 

 Mwanga on the throne, and they had accom- 

 plished this shortly before the arrival of Lugard. 

 The treaty and the presence of the company's 

 garrison excited the jealousy of the Catholic 

 party, the most numerous of the four groups 

 who made their religious affiliations a stepping 

 stone to honors and offices and had before 

 rushed into internecine strife on that account. 

 The Catholics, with the Kimbugwe at their 

 head, prevailed in the King's council, though 

 the Katikoro was the leader of the Protestants, 

 and they kept him from hoisting the British 

 flag in spite of the arguments and threats of the 

 English officers, for the people looked upon the 

 flag as a Protestant emblem and the Catholics 

 knew that their supremacy was at an end if 

 the King raised the flag and embraced the 

 Protestant religion. The Catholic priests told 

 them that the British East Africa Company was 

 a trading concern that had no authority to de- 

 clare British sovereignty and impose the Protes- 

 tant religion on the country. While the Wagan- 

 da were excited by partisan feeling on this ques- 

 tion and the missionaries were encouraging the 

 rival parties to stand firmly on their rights. 

 Capt. Lugard with a large part of his force set 

 out on an expedition to enlarge the company's 

 territory, to which he added the district of An- 

 koli, southern Unyoro, and Toru, gaining access 

 to the great ivory-producing district round Lake 

 Albert Edward and acquiring an invaluable salt 

 lake. The Soudanese soldiers who formerly 



