ECUADOR. 



275 





subject to murderous raids not only of Arab 

 slave hunters, luil of the Angoni, a branch of 

 the Xulii race who live by pillule. Tin- people of 

 the settled districts are Christianized to some 

 extent by the six missionary societies ami have 

 been taught to labor. The exports are ivory, 

 hippopotamus hides and tooth, oil seeds, and 

 tobacco. The revenue from customs and taxa- 

 tion is about l'<>,000. 



Portuguese East Africa. The Portuguese 

 poessions on the eastern side of the African 

 continent, restricted by the Anglo-Portuguese 

 agreement of June, 1891, to the coast region and 

 the banks of the Zambesi up as far as Zum- 

 bo, were constituted by the decree of Sept. 30, 

 1891, into the State of East Africa, divided into 

 2 provinces, Mozambique and Lourenco Marques, 

 which are divided by the Zambesi river. The 

 executive head of the whole state is a commis- 

 sioner, appointed for three years, who resides 

 alternately at the towns of Mozambique and 

 Lourenco Marques. The imports for 1891 were 

 valued at 3,771,855 milreis, arid the exports, con- 

 sisting principally of oil nuts, rubber, and ivory, 

 at 1,416,397 milreis. Besides the Delagoa Bay 

 line, 57 miles long, there are plans to construct 

 428 miles of railroad. The telegraphs have a 

 length of" 280 miles. 



In the latter part of 1892 the negroes who for- 

 merly followed Manuel Antonio began to raid 

 and plunder in the Zambesi district of the Por- 

 tuguese dominion. The Portuguese officers west 

 of Sena took refuge in that town. Col. Pavia 

 d'Andrade took a considerable force up to Sena, 

 and garrisoned the fort of Ignacerera, a few 

 miles up the river, but did not venture to en- 

 gage the enemy, who were well armed and num- 

 bered 3,000 or 4,000. The rebels were afraid to 

 attack the fort, but they sacked the station of 

 Cliupanga, belonging to the Mozambique Com- 

 pany. Peace was finally restored, but not by the 

 subjugation of the rebels. A new commercial 

 corporation, the Nyassa Company, was chartered 

 in March, 1893, with a nominal capital of 5,000,- 

 000 milreis, which has undertaken to build a 

 railroad to Lake Nyassa. 



ECUADOR, a republic in South America. 

 The Congress, which meets annually on June 10, 

 at Quito, consists of a Senate and a House of 

 Representatives. The Senators are elected for 

 four years, by provinces, 2 for each of the 16 

 provinces, and the Representatives for two years 

 in the proportion of 1 to every 30,000 inhabit- 

 ants, all by the direct suffrage of Roman Catho- 

 lic citizens twenty-one years of age who can 

 read and write. The President and the Vice- 

 President are likewise elected by popular suf- 

 frage, each for four years, but not at the same 

 election. The Vice-President is the chief of the 

 Council of State. Luis Cordero was elected 

 President on June 30, 1892. The Vice- President 

 is Dr. P. Merrera. The Cabinet was composed 

 f the following members in the beginning of 

 H'.K!: Minister of the Interior and of Foreign 

 Affairs, V. L. Salazar; Minister of the Treasury, 

 A. de Ic-aza ; Minister of Public Instruction, P. 

 J. Cavallos Salvador; Minister of War and Ma- 

 rine, (Jen. J. M. Savasti. 



Area and Population. Ecuador has an 

 area of about 200,000 square miles, and 1,271,- 

 860 inhabitants, of whom about 100,000 are 



whites, 300,000 mixed, and the rest Indians. 

 Quito, the capital, hus a population of alxmt 50,- 

 000, and Guayaquil, the chief port, has 44,515. 



Finances. The budget for 1891 estimated 

 the revenue at 10,334,536 sucres (1 sucre=63 

 cents), of which 4,090,387 sucres were derived 

 from the national bank, 2,499,670 sucres from 

 customs. 1,549,129 sucres from exchange, 361,- 

 226 sucres the surplus of 1889, 132.506 sucres 

 from taxes, 166,387 sucres from stamps, 416,888 

 sucres from monopolies, 81,698 sucres from sales 

 of lands, and 1,036,635 sucres from various other 

 sources. The expenditure was estimated at 10,- 

 112,436 sucres, of which 5,022,165 sucres were 

 for financial purposes, 1,535,864 sucres loss by 

 exchange, 1,152,714 sucres for the army and ma- 

 rine, 638,005 sucres for public buildings, 491,493 

 sucres for public instruction, 206,335 sucres for 

 posts and telegraphs, 1,906 sucres for the legisla- 

 ture, 20,944 sucres for the executive, and 1,042,- 

 810 sucres for various other purposes. 



Defense. The standing army consists of 

 3,341 officers and men, who are distributed 

 among 1 brigade of fortress artillery, 1 brigade 

 of field artillery, 4 battalions of infantry, 2 col- 

 umns of light infantry, and 1 regiment of cav- 

 alry. The navy consists of a small cruiser, 2 

 small gunboats for river service, and 1 transport, 

 manned by about 120 men. 



Commerce. The total imports in 1891 

 amounted to 7,241,095 sucres, compared with 

 10,016,352 sucres in 1890, and 9,681,450 sucres in 

 1889. The exports in 1891 were valued at 

 7,351,800 sucres, in 1890 at 9,761,634 sucres, and 

 in 1889 at 7,910,205 sucres. The principal im- 

 ports and their values in 1891 were : Cotton and 

 other tissues, 2,074,510 sucres ; provisions, 1,091,- 

 440 sucres. The principal articles of export in 

 1891 were : Cocoa, 4.544,398 sucres ; coffee. 659,- ' 

 061 sucres : India rubber, 415,776 sucres ; hides, 

 107,312 sucres; straw hats, 315,874 sucres; su- 

 gar, 154,531 sucres. 



The following table shows the trade with the 

 leading countries in 1891, in sucres: 



The exports of gold and silver in 1891 

 amounted to 532,536 sucres. 



Navigation. During 1891 there were 238 

 sailing vessels, of 26,682 tons, and 370 steamers, 

 of 346,891 tons, entered at the ports of Ecuador, 

 and 239 sailing vessels, of 26,755 tons, and 375 

 steamers, of 349.993 tons, cleared. Of the total 

 number of vessels entered, 307, of 249.057 tons, 

 were British; 176, of 8,394 tons, were Kcuado- 

 rian; and 123, of 116,122 tons, were of other na- 

 tional ties. 



Communications. The only railroad open 

 to traffic is the one running from Duran to 

 Chimbo, 63 miles, but an extension to Sibambe 

 is under construction. The length of telegraph 

 wires is about 1.074 miles. The number of 

 letters, postal cards, samples, and printed mat- 



