EGYPT. 



277 



niamliint at Suakin. The British army of oc- 

 cupation numbered in December, !*!!. 8,108 Mini, 

 i.nt was increased, *fter the mini-tei-ia! crisis in 

 .Jami.-trv, is'.i:;. to about 4.000, and is commanded 

 ii\ M.tj. -Ofii. Porestier Walker. 

 'Commerce and Prod not ion. The imports 

 for ism aim. Milled to E. 9,201,390, an increase 

 of over I' K. l.'JOO.OOO over the preceding year, 

 while the ex|>orts for 1891 were E. 18,*; 

 .\.T.-iliin,' those of the preceding year by over 

 J E. 2,000,000. Theimportsof specie amounted 

 to E. 2,824,861, and the exports to E. 1,523,- 

 !ir>n. of the total imports, 37 per cent, came 

 from Great Britain and her Mediterranean posses- 

 sions, 18 per cent, from Turkey, 8 per cent, from 

 the Eastern possessions of Great Britain, 9 per 

 cent, from Austria-Hungary, 10 per cent, from 

 Franco and Algeria, 1 per cent, from Greece, 3 

 per cent, from Italy, 4 per cent, from Russia, 

 and 10 per cent, from other countries, including 

 I' I-!. 21,439 from America. Of the exports, 47 

 per cent, went to Great Britain and her Mediter- 

 ranean possessions, 2 per cent, to Turkey, 4 per 

 cent, to Austria-Hungary, 6 per cent, to France 

 and Algeria, 4 per cent, to Italy, 8 per cent, to 

 Russia, and 29 per cent, to other countries, in- 

 cluding E. 81,295 to America. 



The chief imports in 1891 and their values 

 were : Cotton goods, E. 1,943,892 ; silk, woolen, 

 and linen goods, E. 1,187,331 ; coal, E. 473,- 

 S )."> ; hosiery and apparel, E. 349,985 ; timber, 

 E. 426,552 ; coffee, E. 294,998 ; wine, beer, 

 and spirits, E. 291,570; tobacco and cigars, 

 E. 464,426 ; petroleum, E. 302,287 ; machin- 

 ery, E. 161,497; iron and steel goods, E. 

 465,649 ; indigo, E. 173,680 ; fruits, E. 267,- 

 577; animals, E. 181,552; wheat and flour, 

 E. 107,933; rice, E. 131,057; refined sugar, 

 E. 56,393. 



The chief exports and their values were : Cot- 

 ton, E. 8,988,826 ; cotton seed, E. 1,544.963 ; 

 sugar, E. 572.694 ; beans. E. 908,441 ; wheat, 

 f I :. 531,264 ; rice, E. 125,654 ; maize, E. 434,- 

 146 ; hides and skins, E. 85,879 ; onions, E. 87,- 

 525; lentils, E. 80, 100. 



The agricultural population amounts to about 

 60 per cent, of the whole, and over 5,000,000 

 acres of land were under cultivation in 1891. 

 There are three crop seasons. Winter crops, 

 consisting of cereals, are sown in November and 

 harvested in May and June ; summer crops, 

 such as cotton, sugar, and rice, are sown in 

 March and harvested in October and November ; 

 and autumn crops rice, sorghum, and vegeta- 

 bles are sown in July and gathered in Septem- 

 ber and October. The most important crop is 

 cotton, of which upward of 850,000 acres were 

 planted in 1891, and the yield was about 550 

 pounds an acre. Cattle and farm animals, in- 

 cluding horses and camels, numbered 1,668.860. 



Navigation. The number of vessels arriving 

 at the port of Alexandria in 1891 was 2,163. of 

 1,807,717 tons, and the number cleared was 2,158, 

 of 1,765,716 tons. The arrivals and clearances 

 at the other ports numbered 6,456, of 8,605.236 

 tons. Of the vessels entered at Alexandria 647. 

 of 858,437 tons, were British: 130. of 276.227 

 tons, were French; 932. of 231,018 tons, were 

 Turkish ; 106, of 154,568 tons, were Austrian ; 

 72, of 107,970 tons, were Russian ; 100, of 89,252 

 tons, were Italian ; 94, of 24,279 tons, were Greek ; 



38, of 38,879 torw, were Swedish and Norwe- 

 gian. 



Internal Communications. There were 



l.l'ix miles of railroad in operation in 1*1)1. and 

 88 miles under construction. The number of 

 passengers carried in 1891 was 5,4U!),202, and 

 the amount of freight, ^.:;os. }i;:{ tons. The 

 gross earnings were E. 1,681,611, and the ex- 

 penditure E. 706,602. The Government, at the 

 beginning of 1892, had 3,168 miles of telegraph, 

 with 5,430 miles of wire. The number of tcl.- 

 grams in 1891 was 1,303,537. The post-office han- 

 dled 9,871,000 letters and cards, of which 3.25O.- 

 000 were foreign ; and 7,245,000 newspapers and 

 packets, of which 2,343,000 were foreign. 



The Suez Canal. The number of vessels 

 that passed through the canal in 1891 was 4.207. 

 of 12,217,098 gross tons. Of these, 3,217, of 

 9.484,608 tons, were British ; 171, of 616,964 tons, 

 were French; 318, of 870,548 tons, were Ger- 

 man : 116, of 275,861 tons, were Italian: 147, of 

 369.347 tons, were Dutch ; 51, of 169,399 tons, 

 were Austrian; 55. of 114,016 tons, were Nor- 

 wegian ; 28, of 98,627 tons, were Spanish ; 21, of 

 64,554 tons, were Russian : 40, of 60,619 tons, 

 were Turkish ; 29. of 74,798 tons, were Portu- 

 guese ; 6, of 12,794 tons, were Japanese ; 5, of 

 4,571 tons, were Greek ; 1, of 619 tons, was 

 American ; 1, of 963 tons, was Danish ; and 1, of 

 294 tons, was Egyptian. The number of passen- 

 gers carried through the canal in 1891 was 194,- 

 467. The total receipts for the year were E. 

 2,196,673, and the net profits 50,591,892 francs. 



Ministerial Crisis. A ministerial crisis, 

 which partook of the nature of a coup d'etat on 

 the part of the young Khedive, occurred in Jan- 

 uary, 1893. Near the close of 1892 the Premier, 

 Mustafa Fehmi Pasha, was very ill, and, as his 

 death was expected, the matter of appointing his 

 successors engaged the attention of the Khedive, 

 and he had a conversation on the subject with 

 Sir Edwin Palmer, Financial Adviser of the 

 Government. On Jan. 1, Lord Cromer, the Brit- 

 ish consul-general and representative in Egvpt, 

 conferred with the Khedive, and was informed 

 of his desire to appoint Tigrane Pasha. Ti- 

 grane is an Armenian and a Christian, and, as a 

 member of the Mustafa Cabinet, had exhibited 

 considerable ability ; but Lord Cromer objected 

 to his appointment, on the ground that under 

 the existing circumstances the Premier should 

 be a Mohammedan, and he suggested to the 

 Khedive the appointment of Riaz Pasha. Mean- 

 time Mustafa Fehmi became convalescent, and 

 it was agreed that, inasmuch as he would soon 

 be able to resume his duties, there was no longer 

 any question of naming another Prime Minister. 

 But on Jan. 15, without further consultation 

 with the representative of Great Britain, the 

 Khedive, acting, as was believed, in resentment 

 of the dictation of Lord Cromer and largely 

 upon the advice of Roullier Bey, his former tutor 

 and secretary, demanded the resignation of Mus- 

 tafa Fehmi, and, upon its being refused, per- 

 emptorily dismissed him, as well as the Minis- 

 ters of Finance and Justice, and named Fakhri 

 Pasha as Prime Minister. Fakhri, who is a 

 Turk, believed to entertain strong Turkish and 

 French proclivities, had formerly been Minister 

 of Justice, from which position he was dismissed 

 on Lord Cromer's advice on account of his op- 



